ResumoO problema estudado neste trabalho visa minimizar o custo de energia elétrica necessário para a operação de bombas hidráulicas, que captam água de poços artesianos para os reservatórios distribuídos em bairros da cidade, de onde a população é atendida. Como o custo da energia elétrica varia ao longo do dia, se faz necessário um planejamento da operação das bombas e armazenamento de água no sistema. Um modelo de otimização linear inteira é proposto para o problema, considerando um custo de partida das bombas. Desconsiderando esse custo, as variáveis binárias do modelo são eliminadas e um segundo modelo de otimização linear é também analisado. Algumas instâncias geradas aleatoriamente são resolvidas e suas soluções analisadas, demonstrando que os modelos propostos oferecem suporte gerencial consistente para seu uso no problema real.Palavras-chave: logística de distribuição; otimização inteiro-mista; otimização linear.
AbstractThe aim of the problem studied in this paper is to minimize the electrical energy cost necessary to manage water distribution networks. We consider water distribution systems that are designed to deliver water from pump stations suitably distributed in a city, to the final water consumers. Since the cost of the electrical energy varies during the day, it is necessary to plan the operation of the pumps and water inventory in the system. An integer linear optimization model is proposed for the problem, when considering a fixed cost for the starting of the pumps. On the other hand, when we do not consider this cost, the binary variables are eliminated and the problem can be formulated as a linear optimization model. Some randomly generated instances are solved and corresponding solutions evaluated. The examples show that the proposed models offer consistent managerial support for their use in the real problem.
In two-phase miniature and microchannel flows, the meniscus shape must be considered due to effects that are affected by condensation and/or evaporation and coupled with the transport phenomena in the thin film on the microchannel wall, when capillary forces drive the working fluid. This investigation presents an analytical model for microchannel condensers with a porous boundary, where capillary forces pump the fluid. Methanol was selected as the working fluid. Very low liquid Reynolds numbers were obtained (Re~6), but very high Nusselt numbers (Nu~150) could be found due to the channel size (1.5 mm) and the presence of the porous boundary. The meniscus calculation provided consistent results for the vapor interface temperature and pressure, as well as the meniscus curvature. The obtained results show that microchannel condensers with a porous boundary can be used for heat dissipation with reduced heat transfer area and very high heat dissipation capabilities
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