Ageing is a dynamic and progressive process that is characterized by the occurrence of morphological, biochemical, functional and psychological changes in the organism. The aim of the present article is to provide updated concepts on oxidative stress, covering its importance in aging, as well as nutritional status and supplementation with antioxidants (substances that prevent or attenuate oxidation of oxidizable substrates, such as lipids, proteins, carbohydrates and deoxyribonucleic acid) in the geriatric population. Evidence suggests that there is an inverse relationship between oxidative stress and nutritional status in elderly individuals. Although an increase in oxidative stress in chronic diseases associated with aging has been proven, such as Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease, up to now there has been no consistent clinical evidence proving the efficiency of supplementation with antioxidants against oxidative stress. In this context, supplementation is not recommended. On the other hand, the elderly should be encouraged to eat antioxidant foods, such as fruits and vegetables. Maintaining a normal weight (body mass index between 23 and 28 Kg/m2) should also be stimulated.

Hospital infection presented elevated incidence and lethality and it increased the period of hospitalization among the elderly studied.

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Background and Objectives: Changes in cerebral blood flow may play an important role in cognitive impairment among hemodialysis (HD) patients. Physical activity has a promising role in delaying cognitive impairment in general population, but there are only a few studies in HD to confirm this finding. We aimed to evaluate the effects of intradialytic aerobic training on cerebral blood flow and cognitive impairment in HD. Design, Setting, Participants, and Measurements: This is a pilot, controlled, randomized trial. Fifteen patients underwent intradialytic aerobic training 3 times a week for 4 months. The control group was comprised of another 15 patients. Results: Trained patients had a statistically significant improvement of cognitive impairment and basilar maximum blood flow velocity. The proportion of arteries with increased flow velocity was statistically significant between groups. Conclusions: Intradialytic aerobic training improves cognitive impairment and cerebral blood flow of patients in HD, suggesting a possible mechanism improving cognitive impairment by physical training in HD. These data still need to be confirmed by major trials.

Editorial group: Cochrane Vascular Group. Publication status and date: New search for studies and content updated (no change to conclusions), published in Issue 2, 2020.

the highest level of physical activity was associated with better cognitive function in CKD patients undergoing HD.

INTRODUÇÃOO envelhecimento populacional constitui a mais importante mudança demográfica tanto em países desenvolvidos quanto em países em desenvolvimento, como o Brasil. A Organização Mundial da Saúde propõe 60 anos ou mais como idade em estudos da população idosa 1 . Uma importante conseqüência do envelhecimento populacional é o aumento de idosos com dependência e, conseqüentemente, com necessidade de institucionalização. Estima-se que 40% das pessoas com 65 anos ou mais necessitarão de cuidados em uma instituição de longa permanência (ILP) durante a sua vida. Projeções na população americana mostram que o número de pessoas com necessidade dessa assistência aumentará de 1,5 para 5 milhões no ano

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