RESUMEN El área suroeste de la costa ecuatoriana es una región tradicionalmente petrolera, sin embargo aún no se ha definido cuál es el sistema petrolero reinante en la región. Entre las principales rocas propuestas como generadoras de los crudos del litoral, se encuentran las formaciones Seca y Socorro del Eoceno así como Dos Bocas y Subibaja del Mioceno. Con la finalidad de aportar nuevos elementos al conocimiento de la zona, fueron estudiados tanto crudos como rocas provenientes de campos onshore y offshore, usando técnicas geoquímicas que incluyen cromatografía de gases e isótopos de carbono. Parámetros como el Índice Preferencial de Carbonos (IPC), Pri/ n-C 17 , Fit/n-C 18 y las distribuciones isotópicas, indican que los crudos de los campos onshore están genéticamente diferenciados de los crudos offshore, y se asocian con una roca madre clástica con aporte de materia orgánica mixta, depositada en ambiente subóxico, consistente con la parte distal de un complejo estuarino. Por otro lado, las rocas analizadas son inmaduras térmicamente y con muy bajo potencial generador, por lo que no pueden ser correlacionadas con los crudos analizados, tal y como se venía haciendo tradicionalmente. Palabras clave: geoquímica; roca madre; madurez térmica; Golfo de Guayaquil; Ecuador. Geochemical correlation between oils and rocks of the petroleum system of the Santa Elena peninsula and the gulf of Guayaquil ABSTRACT The southeastern of the Ecuadorian coast is a traditionally oil producing region, but the petroleum system has not been defined yet. The proposed main source rocks are Seca and Socorro formations (Eocene) and Dos Bocas and Subibaja formations (Miocene). In order to contribute new elements to the knowledge of the area, both crude and rock from onshore and offshore fields were studied, using geochemical techniques that include gas chromatography and carbon isotopes. Parameters such as the Carbon Preference Index (IPC), Pri/n-C 17 and Phy/n-C 18 ratios and the isotopic distributions, indicate that onshore oils are genetically differentiated from offshore oils and are associated with a detritic source rock with mixed organic matter, deposited in a suboxic environment, consistent with the distal area of an estuarine complex. On the other hand, the rocks analyzed are thermally immature and with very low generating potential, so that they cannot be correlated with the crude analyzed, as was traditionally done.
Biodiversity is an essential component of nature, relegating the aspects of geodiversity, which provides geological and landscape variety to a territory. However, the importance of geodiversity and its social, economic, educational, scientific, and technological impact on a region, are not well understood. This article measures the geoheritage values of Guayaquil, a port city in Ecuador, via surveys and analyses of variables, with the aim of proposing guidelines or strategies that promote the knowledge and diffusion of that geoheritage. Our methodology included (i) a review of historical landmarks of Guayaquil and their relationship with geodiversity, (ii) a survey and data tabulation, (iii) an analysis of the local population’s perception of the city’s geoheritage, and (iv) the development of geodiversity strategies using computer tools. Our results determined that people approach areas of interest because of each site’s biodiversity and the available information about the site. Once there, they can obtain knowledge about the city’s geology, geodiversity, and urban geotourism. Therefore, geoheritage is an essential consideration in establishing educational plans, initiatives, and promotion strategies. Furthermore, the identification of a city’s heritage values following geoeducation, and the recognition by society of the city’s geosites and their historical–scientific significance, will provide a basis for using geotourism in a context of sustainability.
A reservoir behaviour's characterisation is determined by analysing the fluids' physical properties, reported in Pressure, Volume and Temperature (PVT) tests. These tests are performed in the laboratory or are estimated by mathematical correlations with the well's basic properties. The eastern basin of Ecuador is considered a hydrocarbon zone, and the analysis of the physical properties of the fluid from oil wells is essential. The aim is to develop the PVTTESTSYSTEM software to estimate PVT conditions when there are no laboratory tests. The study methodology is based on (i) Compilation of 10 PVT laboratory tests of oil wells in the eastern basin of Ecuador; (ii) Analysis of mathematical correlations; (iii) Development of the PVTTESTSYSTEM software, with the wells' initial conditions' input, selecting the mathematical correlation and estimation of results, based on the relationship of the properties of oil and gas; iv) Comparison of data obtained by laboratory tests and PVTTESTSYSTEM software reports. The software used with a graphical interface presents a registration and login platform and five modules that allow: inserting company and field data, initial oil well data, selecting correlations, calculating PVT properties and generating a graphic report. The results show that the mathematical correlations that estimate PVT properties were systematised, which approximate the laboratory tests' real results. The approximation of the calculated results with the actual results establishes a high confidence level for the PVTTESTSYSTEM software.
Refineries, fuel depots, airports and storage terminals commonly use fluid level measurement in storage tanks. Different fluid level measurement techniques and devices differ in the inaccuracy of measurement results, costs, and company needs. In addition, these measurements seek reliability of measurement data, immediate response times, control in operations, oil movement, custody transfer and inventory control. The objective is to develop a computer system for measuring fluid levels in oil storage tanks, using ultrasonic and temperature sensors, creating a web application for an automated measurement system (SAM) for managing volumes of Petroleum. The study methodology is i) Analysis of measurement reports. ii) Selection of physical components of the computer system. iii) SAM algorithm design and web application, and iv) Validate the system. The SAM application developed in open source proposes functional modules for administration, control, security, management and monitoring of storage tanks, the status of physical components and generation of dynamic reports in real-time. The results show the control characteristics of storage tanks such as maximum and minimum volume, temperature, time, precise data records in less time than certain current computer structures.
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