reSUmo decorrente dos sistemas de manejo empregados no solo, como o sistema de preparo convencional (SPC) versus o sistema de plantio direto de hortaliças (SPDH), modificações nos atributos edáficos ocorrem; por exemplo, nos índices de agregação do solo e seu teor de carbono orgânico total (COT). Objetivaram-se quantificar os teores de COT e avaliar os índices de agregação do solo e a distribuição dos agregados por classes de diâmetro sob cultivo de cebola em SPdH e SPC, comparados a uma área de mata adjacente em ituporanga, SC. os tratamentos constituíram-se da semeadura de plantas de cobertura, solteiras e consorciadas, em SPdH: vegetação espontânea (VE); 100 % aveia; 100 % centeio; 100 % nabo-forrageiro; consórcio de nabo-forrageiro (14 %) e centeio (86 %); e consórcio de nabo-forrageiro (14 %) e aveia (86 %). adicionalmente, foram avaliadas uma área de cultivo de cebola em SPC por ±37 anos e uma área de mata (floresta secundária; ±30 anos), ambas adjacentes ao experimento. Em setembro de 2013, cinco anos após a implantação dos tratamentos com plantas de cobertura, foram coletadas amostras indeformadas do solo nas camadas de 0-5, 5-10 e 10-20 cm e separados os agregados para avaliar a estabilidade via úmida. Nos agregados, foi quantificado o COT;Recebido para publicação em 7 de novembro de 2014 e aprovado em 10 de março de 2015.

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SUMMARYSuccessive applications of liquid swine waste to the soil can increase the contents of total organic carbon and nutrients and change acidity-related soil chemical properties. However, little information is available on the effects of swine waste application in solid form, as of swine deep-litter. The objective of this study was to evaluate alterations of organic carbon and acidity-related properties of a soil after eight years of pig slurry and deep-litter application. In the eighth year of a field experiment established in Braço do Norte, Santa Catarina (SC) on a sandy Typic Hapludalf samples were taken (layers 0-2.5; 2.5-5; 5-10; 10-15; 15-20 and 20-30 cm) from unfertilized plots and plots with pig slurry or deep-litter applications, providing the simple or double rate of N requirement of Zea mays and Avena strigosa in rotation. Soil total organic carbon, water pH, exchangeable Al, Ca and 0-2,5, 2,5-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-20 e 20-30 cm, em

ABSTRACT:Cover crops contribute to nutrient cycling and may improve soil chemical properties and, consequently, increase crop yield. The aim of this study was to evaluate cover crop residue decomposition and nutrient release, and the effects of these plants on soil chemical properties and on onion (Allium cepa L.) yield in a no-tillage system. The experiment was carried out in an Inceptisol in southern Brazil, where cover crops were sown in April 2012 and 2013. In July 2013, shoots of weeds (WD), black oats (BO), rye (RY), oilseed radish (RD), oilseed radish + black oats (RD + BO), and oilseed radish + rye (RD + RY) were cut at ground level and part of these material from each treatment was placed in litter bags. The litter bags were distributed on the soil surface and were collected at 0, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 days after distribution (DAD). The residues in the litter bags were dried, weighed, and ground, and then analyzed to quantify lignin, cellulose, non-structural biomass, total organic carbon (TOC), N, P, K, Ca, and Mg. In November 2012 and 2013, onion crops were harvested to quantify yield, and bulbs were classified according to diameter, and the number of rotted and flowering bulbs was determined. Soil in the 0.00-0.10 m layer was collected for chemical analysis before transplanting and after harvesting onion in December 2012 and 2013. The rye plant residues presented the highest half-life and they released less nutrients until 90 DAD. The great permanence of rye residue was considered a protection to soil surface, the opposite was observed with spontaneous vegetation. The cultivation and addition of dry residue of cover crops increased the onion yield at 2.5 Mg ha -1 .

Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência do plantio direto, do preparo convencional do solo e de plantas de cobertura sobre indicadores biológicos associados ao ciclo do fósforo (P). O trabalho foi realizado em três áreas adjacentes, num Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo, distribuídas da seguinte maneira: área I, dois anos de experimentação, comparando esses sistemas de plantio; área II, seis anos de experimentação e área III, Cerrado nativo. Em julho/1998 e janeiro/1999, avaliaram-se: o P da biomassa, populações de fungos e bactérias totais e solubilizadores de fosfato e a atividade da fosfatase ácida, nas profundidades de 0-5 e de 5-20 cm. A atividade da fosfatase e a ocorrência de fungos e bactérias solubilizadoras nas áreas com plantio direto foram significativamente superiores às das áreas com plantio convencional, na profundidade de 0-5 cm. O tempo de implantação acentuou as diferenças entre plantio direto e convencional quanto aos indicadores avaliados. O P da biomassa diminuiu no tratamento plantio direto com nabo forrageiro (Raphanus sativus) da área II. Os fungos solubilizadores aumentaram na presença de guandu (Cajanus cajan) e nabo forrageiro, e as bactérias solubilizadoras aumentaram na presença de guandu. O solo sob vegetação nativa apresentou maior atividade da fosfatase em relação ao das áreas cultivadas, evidenciando a importância da mineralização do P orgânico nesse ecossistema.Termos para indexação: P da biomassa microbiana, fosfatase ácida, microrganismos solubilizadores de fosfato, culturas de cobertura. Soil biological indicators associated to the phosphorus cycle in a Cerrado soil under no-till and conventional tillage systemsAbstract -The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of no-till, conventional tillage and cover crops on biological indicators associated to the P cycle. The work was carried out on three adjacent areas on a RedYellow Oxisol: area I, a two-year experiment comparing the two management systems; area II, a six-year experiment, and area III, a native Cerrado vegetation. The soil was sampled at two depths (0-5 cm and 5-20 cm) in July/1998 and January/1999. The biological indicators evaluated were microbial biomass P, acid phosphatase activity, phosphate-solubilizing and total soil fungi and bacteria. Acid phosphatase activity and number of phosphatesolubilizing microorganisms, at the 0-5 cm depth, were significantly greater in the no-till soil, as compared to the conventional tillage. Differences between the tillage systems, regarding the biological indicators evaluated, were more pronounced in area II in which the no-till system had been established for a longer period. Microbial P decreased in the no-till Raphanus sativus treatment. P-solubilizing fungi increased in the presence of Cajanus cajan and Raphanus sativus, whereas the P-solubilizing bacteria increased in the presence of C. cajan. Highest activities of acid phosphatase were detected in the soil under native vegetation, evidencing the importance of organic P mineralization in this ecosystem.

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Although plant biotisation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is a promising strategy for improving plant health, a better knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms involved is required. In this context, we sought to analyse the root proteome of grapevine rootstock Selection Oppenheim 4 (SO4) upon colonisation with two AMF. As expected, AMF colonisation stimulates plant biomass. At the proteome level, changes in protein amounts due to AMF colonisation resulted in 39 differentially accumulated two-dimensional electrophoresis spots in AMF roots relative to control. Out of them, 25 were co-identified in SO4 roots upon colonisation by Glomus irregulare and Glomus mosseae supporting the existence of conserved plant responses to AM symbiosis in a woody perennial species. Among the 18 proteins whose amount was reduced in AMF-colonised roots were proteins involved in glycolysis, protein synthesis and fate, defence and cell rescue, ethylene biosynthesis and purine and pyrimidine salvage degradation. The six co-identified proteins whose amount was increased had functions in energy production, signalling, protein synthesis and fate including proteases. Altogether these data confirmed that a part of the accommodation program of AMF previously characterized in annual plants is maintained within roots of the SO4 rootstock cuttings. Nonetheless, particular responses also occurred involving proteins of carbon metabolism, development and root architecture, defence and cell rescue, anthocyanin biosynthesis and P remobilization, previously reported as induced upon P-starvation. This suggests the occurrence of P reprioritization upon AMF colonization in a woody perennial plant species with agronomical interest.