A bananicultura brasileira passou por transformação a partir do início do século passado, com o início das exportações do litoral paulista para o mercado platino e europeu. Ações da Secretaria da Agricultura de São Paulo permitiram uma mudança do simples semi-extrativismo para uma bananicultura com uso de técnicas agronômicas de manejo cultural, adubação e fitossanidade. A partir da década de 50, o Instituto Agronômico e o Instituto Biológico de São Paulo intensificaram as pesquisas com o cultivo da bananeira. Na década de 70, com a criação da Sociedade Brasileira de Fruticultura e do Sistema Embrapa de Pesquisa, os progressos alcançados pelo Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Mandioca e Fruticultura, pelas empresas estaduais e institutos de pesquisa agropecuária de todo o País e pelas universidades, permitiram a prática de uma bananicultura mais evoluída. Além disso, a assistência técnica oficial e privada, empreendimentos privados e a criação de projetos de irrigação no semiárido brasileiro permitiram a ampliação da área de cultivo da bananeira em bases tecnológicas mais evoluídas. Nas duas últimas décadas, floresceram as organizações de bananicultores que, através de seus técnicos, promovem a melhoria tecnológica do cultivo. Neste trabalho, são apresentados dados estatísticos e descritas técnicas de cultivo atualmente disponíveis para a bananicultura brasileira, destacando-se a criação e a seleção de novos genótipos, técnicas de produção de mudas, práticas culturais de manejo em pré e pós-colheita, controle de pragas e doenças, e sistemas alternativos de cultivo.

Dieback caused by Colletotrichum spp. is an emerging disease in California citrus groves. A large-scale survey with emphasis on seasonal variations of latent infections was conducted throughout citrus orchards in Fresno, Kern, and Tulare counties in 2019 and 2020. Latent infections on citrus leaves and twigs varied markedly between years. Isolates of Colletotrichum spp. were obtained from asymptomatic tissue and two groups were formed based on colony and spore morphology. The morphological groups were further identified based on multigene sequence analysis using the DNA regions ITS1-5.8S-ITS2, TUB2, and GAPDH. Results revealed that isolates belong to two phylogenetic species, C. gloeosporioides and C. karstii, being C. karstii more frequently isolated. Representative isolates of each species were further selected and characterized based on the response of physiological variables to temperature. Both species had similar optimum growth temperatures but differed in maximum growth rates, with C. gloeosporioides exhibiting a greater growth rate than that of C. karstii on media. Pathogenicity tests on citrus trees demonstrated the ability of C. gloeosporioides and C. karstii to cause lesions on twigs and no differences in aggressiveness. A fungicide screening performed in this study determined that the DMI fungicides were the most effective in reducing the mycelial growth of C. gloeosporioides and C. karstii. The QoI fungicides showed a remarkably inhibitory impact on spore germination of both species. On average, C. karstii was more sensitive to the DMI fungicides than C. gloeosporioides. The findings of this study provide new information to understand the Colletotrichum dieback of citrus.

Despite the resistance problems in Monilinia fructicola, demethylation inhibitor fungicides (DMIs) are still effective for the disease management of brown rot in commercial stone fruit orchards in Brazil. This study aims to investigate the sensitivity of M. fructicola isolates and efficiency of DMIs to reduce brown rot. A set of 93 isolates collected from Brazilian commercial orchards were tested for their sensitivities to tebuconazole, propiconazole, prothioconazole, and myclobutanil. The isolates were analyzed separately according to the presence or absence of the G461S mutation in MfCYP51 gene, determined by allele-specific test. The mean EC50 values for G461S mutants and wild-type isolates were respectively 8.443 and 1.13 µg/ml for myclobutanil, 0.236 and 0.026 µg/ml for propiconazole, 0.115 and 0.002 µg/ml for prothioconazole, and 1.482 and 0.096 µg/ml for tebuconazole. The density distribution curves of DMI sensitivity for both genotypes showed that myclobutanil and prothioconazole curves were mostly shifted toward resistance and sensitivity, respectively. Incomplete cross-resistance was detected among propiconazole and tebuconazole in both wild-type (r = 0.45) and G461S (r = 0.38) populations. No cross-sensitivity was observed among wild-type isolates to prothioconazole and the others DMIs tested. Fungicide treatments on detached fruit inoculated with M. fructicola genotypes showed significant DMI efficacy differences when fruit were inoculated with wild-type and G461S isolates. Protective applications with prothioconazole were more effective for control of both G461S and wild-type isolates compared with tebuconazole. Curative applications with tebuconazole were most effective in reducing the incidence and lesion size of G461S isolates. Sporulation occurred only for G461S isolates treated with tebuconazole under curative and preventative treatments. The differences found among the performance of triazoles against M. fructicola isolates will form the basis for recommendations of rational DMI usage to control brown rot in Brazil.

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