Characterized by distinctive evolutionary adaptations, spiders provide a comprehensive system for evolutionary and developmental studies of anatomical organs, including silk and venom production. Here we performed cDNA sequencing using massively parallel sequencers (454 GS-FLX Titanium) to generate ∼80,000 reads from the spinning gland of Actinopus spp. (infraorder: Mygalomorphae) and Gasteracantha cancriformis (infraorder: Araneomorphae, Orbiculariae clade). Actinopus spp. retains primitive characteristics on web usage and presents a single undifferentiated spinning gland while the orbiculariae spiders have seven differentiated spinning glands and complex patterns of web usage. MIRA, Celera Assembler and CAP3 software were used to cluster NGS reads for each spider. CAP3 unigenes passed through a pipeline for automatic annotation, classification by biological function, and comparative transcriptomics. Genes related to spider silks were manually curated and analyzed. Although a single spidroin gene family was found in Actinopus spp., a vast repertoire of specialized spider silk proteins was encountered in orbiculariae. Astacin-like metalloproteases (meprin subfamily) were shown to be some of the most sampled unigenes and duplicated gene families in G. cancriformis since its evolutionary split from mygalomorphs. Our results confirm that the evolution of the molecular repertoire of silk proteins was accompanied by the (i) anatomical differentiation of spinning glands and (ii) behavioral complexification in the web usage. Finally, a phylogenetic tree was constructed to cluster most of the known spidroins in gene clades. This is the first large-scale, multi-organism transcriptome for spider spinning glands and a first step into a broad understanding of spider web systems biology and evolution.

Purpose-The authors aim to present a structural guide for data collection in a participant-oriented, B2B context. Design/methodology/approach-A three-stage interview process following the work of Seidman is presented, along with key issues on how to plan, structure, and execute a B2B interview-based hermenuetic ethnographic study. Research limitations/implications-The framework presented in this paper provides strong theoretical foundation for further theory development in global industrial marketing research and managerial cognition research. However, given the conceptual nature of the research, empirical scrutiny and further conceptual and empirical research are required. Originality/value-There is a serious gap in the literature when addressing the issue of B2B contextual studies, focusing on managers, manufacturers, and various other professional personnel.

The presence of conspicuous colouration in predators is puzzling because natural selection is expected to favour cryptic or disruptive colouration, making predators less detectable by prey. However, the prey attraction hypothesis proposes that conspicuous colour patterns in spiders increase their foraging success by luring prey. Using manipulative experiments we tested the prey attraction hypothesis for the three most common colour morphs of the orb-weaver Gasteracantha cancriformis (yellow, white, and black and white), as well as individuals painted black and individuals painted yellow. Contrary to our predictions, the black painted spiders had the highest number of damaged areas in webs (an indirect measure of foraging success). Black painted spiders were also observed more often consuming prey and with prey remains in the web, although the trend was not significant. Furthermore, there was no difference in the number of prey intercepted by webs of each spider colour and, in the laboratory, Drosophila melanogaster did not choose any of the spider colours preferentially. Our results suggest that colouration in G. cancriformis is costly or neutral in terms of foraging success. Alternatively, we propose that colouration in Gasteracantha could be an aposematic signal.

A total of 251 butterfly species were recorded in Uberlândia region, with collecting concentrated mainly in forest areas. Aspects of geographic distribution of some Ithomiinae, as well as interactions of both adults and immatures with plants, and reproduction periods for the more abundant species are discussed. Collections in open, riverside, and wetland areas, as well as the use of bait, should substantially increase the number of species.

Animals have been used as treatment for various illnesses by many human cultures. This paper explores the phenomenon of zootherapy in the Federal District, Central West region of Brazil. Fieldwork was carried out from September to October 2006 by visiting one permanent free market in each of three cities within Brazilian Federal District. Data were obtained by open-ended interviews of six traders (four women and two men), who were questioned about zootherapeutic species, modes of use and administration of the folk remedies, as well as the diseases for which they are prescribed. A total of 30 animals belonging to nine taxonomic groups were recorded. Fats are the body parts most cited as sources of medicines (n= 21; 57%), but other raw materials including leather, feather, gizzard, cartilage, liver (bile), milk, and spines are used to prepare both traditional medicines and charms. Zootherapy should be viewed from the multidimensional perspective of sustainable development. The exploration of animals for medicinal purposes should be a major subject in discussions on conservation biology, public health policies, sustainable management of natural resources, bioprospection and patents.

Several orb-web spiders build conspicuous decorations in their webs. The prey attraction hypothesis proposes that decorations increase spider foraging success by attracting prey, and that attraction is linked to UV reflectance. Alternatively, the web advertisement hypothesis proposes that decorations are a signal that advertises the presence of the web to large animals. We tested both hypotheses for the web silk tufts of Gasteracantha cancriformis. Even though tufts are UV reflective, we did not find support for the prey attraction hypothesis. In the field, when webs with tufts painted black and control webs were compared, there were no differences in the number of prey captured, number of damaged areas in webs and type of prey captured. In the laboratory, Drosophila melanogaster did not demonstrate preference for tufted silk lines versus non-tufted silk lines. Our data also did not give support for the web advertisement hypothesis. The proportion of web destruction was similar between web with tufts painted black and control webs during four days of experimentation. Therefore, two of the most favoured hypotheses that attempt to explain decorations do not apply for web silk tufts in our study system. Instead we propose that silk tufts might be an aposematic signal.

A divisão entre as funções de legislar, de executar e de se manifestar, julgando os conflitos, bem como entre as atividades necessárias à gestão do Estado em um ambiente de res publica, difundida como divisão de poderes, com atribuições precípuas, porém não exclusivas a cada um, é lição antiga deixada por Montesquieu para evitar a tirania do soberano estatal. No caso brasileiro, apesar de a Constituição Federal de 1988 ser considerada a Constituição Cidadã, ela apresenta vícios de origem, sendo o de maior repercussão o fato de ter adotado o sistema presidencialista de governo, mas atribuindo ao Congresso competências próprias aos sistemas parlamentaristas. Tal desenho, por si eivado de contradições, aliado à tradição e ao peso do direito civil vis-à-vis ao dos usos e costumes, e em que pese ser um Estado federado, faz com que haja um excesso de competências a cargo da União. Diante desses vícios e contradições, este artigo mostra, a partir de pesquisa bibliográfica e dados secundários, como a interdependência entre os três poderes acabou se tornando um processo descontrolado de usurpação das atribuições e competências uns dos outros. Assim, é feito um pano de fundo estabelecendo os principais aspectos das postulações de Montesquieu e como tais aspectos estão presentes no sistema de governo do modelo tripartite, o presidencialismo, com destaque para as peculiaridades do contexto brasileiro, enfatizando importantes questões institucionais do sistema político nacional: multipartidarismo em um sistema federal bicameral; o elevado número de partidos; a dificuldade de, como resultado direto da consulta popular, um partido obter a maioria nos respectivos parlamentos; alianças parlamentares funcionais-fisiológicas; e o caráter nacional dos partidos. Posteriormente, são discutidos exemplos de como o Executivo usurpa o poder de legislar via medidas provisórias que acabam interferindo na agenda do Legislativo, em que pese a exigência constitucional de utilização deste instrumento somente em casos de urgência e relevância; de como o Judiciário também acaba legislando em razão da omissão do Parlamento em questões importantes; e de como o Judiciário não só força o Executivo a estabelecer e a implementar estratégias de ação, como assume ações que são de sua competência original. O quadro, como se percebe, é complexo; neste ambiente, as interferências de um poder nos domínios do outro são antes consequência do que fato originário. Isso impacta sobremaneira a formulação e implementação de políticas públicas, veja a ampla divulgação do que ocorre nas áreas da saúde e execução das penas privativas de liberdade em presídios. O modelo tripartite propaga o equilíbrio dos poderes, sem concentração nem separação absoluta entre eles, o que atualmente não vem ocorrendo no país.

Purpose Low-income consumers (LICs) have gained more attention from marketers after Prahalad and Hart (2004) called attention to untapped opportunities among the world’s poorest. Once neglected and seen as price-driven, more recent research has depicted LICs as brand-conscious consumers who are willing to pay a premium for quality. However, because LICs must balance their tight budgets with aspirations for branded items, this perspective may be too optimistic. To address this issue, the purpose of this paper is to investigate brand consideration and loyalty among LICs across a wide range of products. Design/methodology/approach The authors used a qualitative-inductive approach to assess LICs’ brand considerations across ten fast-moving consumer goods. In-depth interviews with 20 Brazilian LICs were conducted. Findings The authors found that brand loyalty among LICs is both context- and category-dependent. Patterns of loyalty are influenced by five factors: perceived differentiation, perceived risk, contextual usage, proportion of the category expenditure to household income and hedonic vs functional consumption. It seems that the interplay of these factors ultimately shapes differently the attitudes and repeated patronage of brands within each category among LICs. Research limitations/implications Generalizability of findings is limited owing to the qualitative method used. Practical implications The authors provide practical insights to managers concerning key attributes that influence brand consideration and loyalty among LICs. Originality/value This paper adds to the yet limited knowledge on LICs and provides a deeper and more holistic understanding of the relation of LICs with brands.