Abstract-The present work aims to contribute with sustained economic expansion by studying strategies for expanding the energy supply in agribusiness. The characterization of specific energy consumption and energy indicators were performed considering a process of natural evolution, using logistic curves that describe the growth or evolution process. The specific energy consumption in agricultural activities was determined from data on the consumption of energy by machinery and equipments used in agricultural activities, as well as by establishing specific consumption indicators (ratio of energy consumed per unit produced) for each stage of production and by end-use. Two crops (corn and sugarcane) were evaluated. The technology levels reached by the Brazilian agricultural sector reflected on an increased productivity and competitiveness in the international market with improvement of machines and equipments efficiency and operational capacity. In sugarcane culture, for example, the productivity increased up to 50 % from 2000 to 2014. It was also noticed a trend to reduce the use of low-power tractors and to increase the use of medium to high-power tractors, which has also favored the productivity increase. The incorporation of new technologies tends to be more intense in the crops that have an already established market. In Brazil, agricultural productivity in 2014 averaged 73 tonnes of sugarcane per hectare, according to figures from Brazil's Center for Sugarcane Technology (CTC). The percentage increase practically the same for the state of São Paulo, where productivity averaged 83.40 tonnes per hectare. In 1975, the average agricultural productivity was around 45 tons of sugarcane per hectare. In corn culture, according survey released by the National Food Supply Agency (CONAB), the national corn crop, produced in the 2014/15 summer growing season is estimated at 30.64 million tons. It represents a slight decline of 2.6% from the previous period, when the total volume 30.83 million tonnes. Productivity was up 4.7%, soaring from 4,783 kilograms per hectare to 5,009 kilograms per hectare.
La premisa inicial de este trabajo es que la energía es el factor principal en el posicionamiento de los países en la economía y en la política internacional. En este contexto, se analizan dos aspectos de este escenario y cómo ello afecta la política sudamericana. El primero de ellos tiene que ver con el petróleo y las proyecciones de su industria; el segundo se relaciona con la búsqueda de alternativas energéticas, de nuevos criterios de producción y de consumo de energía. Asimismo, se analizan aquellos factores asociados a la matriz energética que colaboran en la inserción de Venezuela y Brasil en la escena política, al tiempo que responde al cómo sus diferentes formas de actuar se articulan para dar forma a diversos aspectos de las relaciones entre los estados de la región.
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This work analyzed potential, implications and experiences for biofuels with ethanol and biodiesel for urban transport in Brazil. Energy use in urban transport has been growing at a faster pace than other areas, a trend that is likely to continue. Transport is also responsible for a major share of air pollution in cities. Environmental and urban transport is a topic of priority for urban authorities and government organizations around the world. The fleet of Brazilian vehicles circulating has expanded from 3 million in 1970 to about 33 million in 2010, 70 percent of which are automobiles. Urban traffic problems are associated with the marked increase in the use of cars, added to an inappropriate public transportation system and heavy truck traffic in central areas. Another issue to be considered in future transportation policies is pollutant emissions, which are intensified through the predominant use of individual vehicles instead of collective ones, and also through increased use of diesel and gasoline, instead of alternative fuels. Brazil is one of the countries with high potential for fuel production from biomass and has already given a good example to the world as how to implement a program and use of biofuel based on renewable energy sources. The Brazilian ethanol program already has 34 years of experience and has produced a mature industry. Biodiesel, in turn, is just in the initial phases, with a chain of production being structured and the search being made for the best solutions from the economic, social and environment standpoints.
Brazil and Argentina had been developing biofuels that could offer them the opportunity to have a prominent position in a future oil-free economy. In the latter part of the first decade of the 2000s, Brazilian diplomacy, in particular, knew how to take advantage of its clean energy matrix to build an image of a country at the forefront of energy solutions. However, after the discovery of oil in Brazil and shale in Argentina, biofuels became a low priority and almost disappeared from the political agenda. This process followed the movement of Latin American center-left governments—the “pink tide”—which saw the oil industry as the basis for national empowerment. The emergence of oil populism, which exploits the mystification of state oil companies and oil as a panacea for the illnesses of underdevelopment, led Brazil and Argentina to waive a potential leading role in a future low-carbon economy.
RESUMO: E a comunidade, proporcionando conhecimento sobre os aspectos que compõem o patrimônio cultural e promovendo a construção do saber da sociedade, interação e valorização dos bens sociais e culturais. O município de Areia-PB, tombado em 2006 pelo Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional (IPHAN), é conhecido por seu conjunto histórico, artístico e cultural e possui três Museus, com acervos de artistas conhecidos nacional e internacionalmente. O presente trabalho objetivo apresentar os principais resultados obtidos a partir de ações culturais e educativas do Projeto "Recuperando Memórias: Salvaguarda e Conservação do Patrimônio Cultural de Areia Através da Educação e Informação" do Centro de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal da Paraíba no sentido de realizar a inclusão social de filhos de agricultores e jovens carentes da zona rural e urbana em um ambiente cultural onde são considerados excluídos. Buscou-se a valorização, Biodiversidade, Meio Ambiente e Desenvolvimento Sustentável 9divulgação e inclusão social através da associação da história, cultura e arte, expressa pelos acervos dos museus, à educação, a partir de atividades voltadas à comunidade carente, notadamente, alunos da área rural da cidade de Areia-PB e seu entorno. Para tal, foi planejado o "Dia Internacional dos Museu em Areia", com participação de cerca de 670 estudantes, em atividades de arte e cultura. É importante ressaltar que 83% dos participantes deste evento adentraram em um museu pela primeira vez na vida. O foco desta ação eram provenientes da zona rural do brejo paraibano, que vivem de agricultura familiar e possuem uma imensa dificuldade em obter no seu cotidiano ações de oferecimento de arte e cultura. Como produto do projeto, foi oportunizado aos estudantes, que nunca haviam entrado num Museu em suas vidas, adquirirem conhecimentos sobre história, arte e seus costumes, bem como pudessem disseminar estes conhecimentos em suas comunidades.
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