O processo de implementação do novo modelo brasileiro de gestão de águas, instituído em âmbito nacional pela Lei 9.433/97, somente poderá ser avaliado positivamente se resultar em avanços nas questões relativas à qualidade das águas naturais. Assim, ganham especial importância as demandas específicas dos setores ambiental e de saneamento, as quais não podem mais ser negligenciadas no planejamento do aproveitamento hídrico. O presente trabalho buscou, a partir da comparação da relação de indicadores de disponibilidade hídrica e de saneamento com indicadores sociais e de saúde, destacar a importância da dimensão da qualidade de água na gestão dos recursos hídricos. Constatou-se que a condição de vida das populações é melhor retratada pela abrangência dos serviços de água e esgoto do que pela reservas hídricas medidas em termos meramente quantitativos.
A pilot-scale experiment was set up in the laboratory with the purpose of investigating the most relevant aspects of the anaerobic digestion of municipal solid wastes (MSW), which are necessary for the preparation of future feasibility studies and cost-benefit analyses. The experiment consisted of a comparative analysis among three different lines of operation, each one consisting of three anaerobic MSW reactors (with unit volume of 700 L): conventional landfill (line 1), raw leachate recycling (line 2), and integrated treatment, with seeded leachate recycling (line 3). So, a UASB reactor was installed in the integrated treatment line with the purpose of removing the organic load of the leachate of the MSW reactors and utilising the biological sludge produced for inoculation of the waste digestion. The endogenous inoculation promoted in line 3, by means of recirculation of the leachate and return of the exceeding biological sludge produced in the UASB reactor, has favoured the initial fermentation stage and also the acceleration of the methanogenic phase.
Eng Sanit Ambient | v.X n.X | xxx/xxx 20XX | 1-8
RESUMOO presente artigo objetivou apresentar uma visão geral sobre o emprego de estratégias focadas em resultados (EFR), tais como a de pagamento por resultados (PPR) e a de pagamento por serviços ambientais (PSA), na redução e no controle da poluição hídrica em áreas urbanas e rurais do país. Para isso, considerando-se sempre o objetivo da Gestão Integrada de Recursos Hídricos (GIRH), duas experiências de alcance nacional foram revisitadas: a do Programa Despoluição de Bacias Hidrográficas (Prodes) e a do Programa Produtor de Águas, ambos executados pela Agência Nacional de Águas (ANA), o primeiro iniciado há mais de uma década. Esses programas ilustram abordagens bem-sucedidas de aproximação do poder público com os setores usuários de água, nesse caso, os setores de saneamento e agricultura, respectivamente. Por fim, foram discutidas a aplicabilidade e as perspectivas para a implementação de novas iniciativas de EFR para GIRH no Brasil.Palavras-chave: GIRH; pagamento por resultados; pagamento por serviços ambientais; controle da poluição hídrica; governança dos recursos hídricos. They illustrate successful ways to bring public authorities and water users together, in this case, sanitation services and landowners, respectively.Finally, it is discussed the applicability and perspectives for carrying out new goal-oriented initiatives aimed at IWRM in Brazil.
This article examines the use of output-based aid and payment for environmental services to reduce water pollution in Brazil. Two nationwide initiatives are reviewed. First, the output-based aid concept of the River Basin Clean-up Programme (PRODES) to tackle the problem of sanitation deficit in urban areas is presented. Second, the payment for environmental services scheme supported by Brazil's National Water Agency (ANA) through the Water Producer Programme to promote water conservation on rural properties is discussed. Both programmes are evaluated not only as financing mechanisms for water conservation but also as strategies for implementing Brazil's water policy.
Brazil's legal and institutional framework for water resources management has recently undergone significant reforms that have reshaped the landscape of Brazil's national and subnational water governance systems in the next years. This paper examines the prospects for water security in the context of these water reforms, considering different water security dimensions. The results of national surveys, studies, plans, and federal programs developed over the last years reveal the necessity of casting the “water security envelope” wide enough to include concerns about water conservation and water governance in Brazil.
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