An early immune response to Zika virus (ZIKV) infection may determine its clinical manifestation and outcome, including neurological effects. However, low-grade and transient viremia limits the prompt diagnosis of acute ZIKV infection. We have investigated the plasma cytokine, chemokine, and growth factor profiles of 36 individuals from an endemic area displaying different symptoms such as exanthema, headache, myalgia, arthralgia, fever, hyperemia, swelling, itching, and nausea during early-phase infection. These profiles were then associated with symptoms, revealing important aspects of the immunopathophysiology of ZIKV infection. The levels of some cytokines/chemokines were significantly higher in acute ZIKV-infected individuals compared to healthy donors, including interferon (IFN) gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10), regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), IFN-γ, interleukin (IL)-9, IL-7, IL-5, and IL-1ra, including some with predominantly immunoregulatory activity. Of note, we found that higher levels of IP-10 and IL-5 in ZIKV-infected individuals were strongly associated with exanthema and headache, respectively. Also, higher levels of IL-1ra were associated with subjects with arthralgia, whereas those with fever showed lower levels of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF). No correlation was observed between the number of symptoms and ZIKV viral load. Interestingly, only IP-10 showed significantly decreased levels in the recovery phase. In conclusion, our results indicate that acute ZIKV infection in a larger cohort resident to an endemic area displays a modest systemic immune activation profile, involving both proinflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokines and chemokines that could participate of virus control. In addition, we showed that differential cytokine/chemokine levels are related to specific clinical symptoms, suggesting their participation in underlying mechanisms.

The main pathogens of severe respiratory infection in children are respiratory viruses, and the current molecular technology allows for a rapid and simultaneous detection of a wide spectrum of these viral pathogens, facilitating the diagnosis and evaluation of viral coinfection. Methods: This study was conducted between March 2020 and December 2021. All children admitted to the ICU with a diagnosis of SARI and who were tested by polymerase chain reaction on nasopharyngeal swabs for SARS-CoV-2 and other common respiratory viral pathogens were included in the study. Results: The result of the viral panel identified 446 children, with one infected with a single virus and 160 co-infected with two or more viruses. This study employed descriptive analyses, where a total of twenty-two coinfections among SARI-causing viruses were identified. Thus, the five most frequent coinfections that were selected for the study are: hRV/SARS-CoV-2 (17.91%), hRV/RSV (14.18%), RSV/SARS-CoV-2 (12.69%), hRV/BoV (10.45%), and hRV/AdV (8.21%). The most significant age group was 38.1%, representing patients aged between 24 and 59 months (61 individuals). Patients older than 59 months represented a total of 27.5%, comprising forty-four patients. The use of oxygen therapy was statistically significant in coinfections with Bocavirus, other CoVs, Metapneumovirus, and RSV. Coinfections with SARS-CoV-2 and the other different coinfections presented a similar time of use of oxygen therapy with a value of (p > 0.05). In the year 2020, hRV/BoV was more frequent in relation to other types of coinfections, representing a total of 35.1%. The year 2021 presented a divergent profile, with hRV/SARS-CoV-2 coinfection being the most frequent (30.8%), followed by hRV/RSV (28.2%). Additionally, 25.6% and 15.4% represented coinfections between RSV/SARS-CoV-2 and hRV/AdV, respectively. We saw that two of the patients coinfected with hRV/SARS-CoV-2 died, representing 9.52% of all deaths in the study. In addition, both hRV/hBoV and hRV/RSV had death records for each case, representing 8.33% and 6.67% of all deaths, respectively. Conclusion: Coinfections with respiratory viruses, such as RSV and hBoV, can increase the severity of the disease in children with SARI who are admitted to the ICU, and children infected with SARS-CoV-2 have their clinical condition worsened when they have comorbidities.

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Resumo: O tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.) é uma das hortaliças mais cultivadas do mundo. A China representa cerca de 25% de toda a produção mundial, desta forma existe uma dependência e uso constante de defensivos agrícolas na cultura do tomate. A aplicação de produtos químicos proibidos em diversas partes do mundo tem como efeito colateral um grande impacto na saúde humana e no ecossistema, sendo necessário adotar outras estratégias de prevenção de doenças. Outra forma de combate às doenças do tomateiro é a utilização de microrganismos como forma de controle biológico, considerado uma alternativa aos defensivos agrícolas e antibióticos com maior sustentabilidade e menor toxicidade. Neste trabalho, os defensivos agrícolas mais utilizados pelos produtores foram Piraclostrobina, Mancozebe, Oxicloreto de Cobre e derivados do DDT. Para os antibióticos, Estreptomicina e Oxitetraciclina foram os mais utilizados, enquanto Bacillus spp. e bactérias do ácido lático (BAL) foram os microrganismos mais citados como forma de controle biológico. Por fim, os principais fitopatógenos do tomateiro foram Xanthomonas spp., Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis e Ralstonia solanacearum. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram identificar os principais tipos de defensivos agrícolas, antibióticos e gêneros de microrganismos utilizados no controle de doenças do tomateiro e comparar seu impacto na saúde humana e no meio ambiente. Palavras-chave: Doença do tomateiro, Fitopatógenos, Bactéria ácido láctica, Defensivo agrícola, Controle biológico.

Estudo quantitativo, descritivo, observacional transversal com delineamento retrospectivo, e coleta de dados secundários, aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética e Pesquisa em Seres Humanos do local onde foi realizada a pesquisa sob os protocolos 396.088/2013 e 36/2013.A população deste estudo foi composta por crianças submetidas ao tratamento cirúrgico devido à pneumonia necrosante no período de fevereiro de 2006 a julho de 2013 em um hospital geral de alta complexidade do extremo sul catarinense, sendo estimada uma amostra de 27 crianças.Foram coletados retrospectivamente dados, através de análise de prontuários, de pacientes pediátricos submetidos à cirurgia com diagnóstico cirúrgico, radiológico e anatomopatológico de pneumonia necrosante no período mencionado. Os pacientes foram selecionados conforme a apresentação na descrição cirúrgica de necrose pulmonar. Foi obtido termo de confidencialidade devidamente assinado pelos autores desse trabalho e pela responsável do local onde foi realizado a coleta.A variável dependente voltou-se à pneumonia necrosante. As independentes foram: sexo (masculino e feminino), idade, raça (branca, parda, preta, indígena e amarela), apresentação clínica (tosse, dispneia, dor torácica, febre, vômitos, dor abdominal e outras), lobo pulmonar acometido (lobo superior direito, lobo médio direito, lobo inferior direito, lobo superior esquerdo, lobo inferior esquerdo), tipo de cirurgia realizada (desbridamento, ressecção em cunha, segmentectomia, lobectomia e outro), tempo de drenagem pré-operatória, tempo de drenagem pós-operatória, número de antibióticos utilizados, presença de fístula broncopleural (FBP) pré-operatória, presença de fístula broncopleural pós-operatória, duração das fístulas broncopleurais, resultado cultural (Staphylococcus Areus, Streptococcus Pneuomoniae, Klebsiella Pneumonae, Pseudomonas sp, outros e não houve crescimento), febre pós-operatória, necessidade de unidade de terapia intensiva anterior a cirurgia e dias de internação hospitalar. Após a coleta de dados, foi elaborado um banco de dados no software IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) versão 20.0, aplicativo também utilizado para a análise estatística. Tabelas univariadas foram utilizadas para descrever o perfil da população e a frequência das categorias nas variáveis qualitativas. Para testar a normalidade das variáveis quantitativas foi aplicado o teste de Shapiro-Wilk, com um nível de significância α = 0,05. Dados com distribuição normal foram 16. Hoffer FA, Bloom DA, Colin AA, Fishman SJ. Lung abscess versus necrotizing pneumonia: implications for interventional therapy.

This work is a retrospective cross-sectional analytical study that evaluated individuals transplanted from solid organs and eye balls that had infection by the Chikungunya or Zika virus and, received the organ from an asymptomatic donor. An epidemiological assessment of infection by the Chikungunya and Zika virus in Brazil, was also carried out, and an assessment of the organ and eyeball transplant situation in Brazil. Other data were obtained from the literature, carrying out a survey of articles published in the PUBMED database, from January 2015 to December 2019, which released data from case reports and retrospective and prospective studies. The symptoms most frequently associated with CHIKV are myalgia (60% -93%), fever above 38.9 ºC (90%) and asymptomatic cases (16% -27%), which are not as frequent, but are relevant when it comes to transplants. Symptoms and signs generally associated with Zika virus infection are skin rashes (91%), fever above 38.9º C (65% -80%), in addition to asymptomatic (80%). We found that recipients of organs contaminated with CHIKV or ZIKV may have different outcomes depending on the transplanted organ. Through this evidence, people who had a recent infection or death from these arboviruses could be candidates for kidney and liver donation.

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Introduction-Alzheimer's disease (AD) is classified as neurodegenerative, progressive and irreversible and is clinically characterized by a progressive decline in neurological functions. Objective-To evaluate the association among the genotypic variations of the APOE gene with Alzheimer's Disease. Methods-This is a systematic review and metaanalysis, and, according to the inclusion criteria, 59 articles were selected from the PubMed, Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (LILACS) and Scientific databases Electronic Library Online (SciELO) and of this total, 22 contributed data for systematic review and meta-analysis. Statistical tests were performed with the aid of the STATA® 16.0 software, considering the significance limit equal to 5% (pvalue = 0.05). Thus, the DerSimonian-Laird and Mantel Haenszel tests were applied according to heterogeneity, for the evaluation of Odds Ratios (OR). Results-The results showed an association of predisposition to the development of AD, considering the genotypes Ԑ3Ԑ4 and Ԑ4Ԑ4, respectively OR = 2.63 (95% CI = 2.18-318) and OR = 5.37 (95% CI = 3.57-8.08), on the other hand, the genotypes Ԑ2Ԑ3 and Ԑ3Ԑ3, showed