Human group C rotavirus was identified in central Australia in each of eight years over a 16-year period between 1982 and 1997. Cases occurred either sporadically but over a relatively short period of time or as clustered outbreaks. These are the only reports of human group C rotavirus in Australia other than that of a single case reported approximately 1,800 km away in 1982. The electrophoretic genome profiles of isolates were identical for all those identified within the same year but different between those identified in different years. The VP7 genes of four isolates identified in four different years over a 7-year period between 1987 and 1993, and the VP4 genes of two of these isolates showed relatively little variation in genome and deduced amino acid sequence upon comparison of the equivalent genes between isolates. The sequences were also very similar to those from the corresponding genes from most of the human group C rotavirus isolates from other countries. This continues the observation of a high degree of gene sequence conservation among human group C rotaviruses worldwide.
As a nursing student on an emergency department (ED) placement, the author of this article experienced personal and professional conflict while restraining a child during a clinical procedure. This experience should be familiar to ED nurses, many of whom, however, lack confidence in the use of restraint techniques. This article describes how nurses can acquire this confidence while understanding the practical and legal implications of restraint. The article emphasises the importance of involving children and their families or carers in therapeutic partnerships before consent to restraint is sought. It also presents three levels of holding.
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