BackgroundTribe Fabeae comprises about 380 legume species, including some of the most ancient and important crops like lentil, pea, and broad bean. Breeding efforts in legume crops rely on a detailed knowledge of closest wild relatives and geographic origin. Relationships within the tribe, however, are incompletely known and previous molecular results conflicted with the traditional morphology-based classification. Here we analyse the systematics, biogeography, and character evolution in the tribe based on plastid and nuclear DNA sequences.ResultsPhylogenetic analyses including c. 70% of the species in the tribe show that the genera Vicia and Lathyrus in their current circumscription are not monophyletic: Pisum and Vavilovia are nested in Lathyrus, the genus Lens is nested in Vicia. A small, well-supported clade including Vicia hirsuta, V. sylvatica, and some Mediterranean endemics, is the sister group to all remaining species in the tribe. Fabeae originated in the East Mediterranean region in the Miocene (23–16 million years ago (Ma)) and spread at least 39 times into Eurasia, seven times to the Americas, twice to tropical Africa and four times to Macaronesia. Broad bean (V. faba) and its sister V. paucijuga originated in Asia and might be sister to V. oroboides. Lentil (Lens culinaris ssp. culinaris) is of Mediterranean origin and together with eight very close relatives forms a clade that is nested in the core Vicia, where it evolved c. 14 Ma. The Pisum clade is nested in Lathyrus in a grade with the Mediterranean L. gloeosperma, L. neurolobus, and L. nissolia. The extinct Azorean endemic V. dennesiana belongs in section Cracca and is nested among Mediterranean species. According to our ancestral character state reconstruction results, ancestors of Fabeae had a basic chromosome number of 2n=14, an annual life form, and evenly hairy, dorsiventrally compressed styles.ConclusionsFabeae evolved in the Eastern Mediterranean in the middle Miocene and spread from there across Eurasia, into Tropical Africa, and at least seven times to the Americas. The middle-Atlantic islands were colonized four times but apparently did not serve as stepping-stones for Atlantic crossings. Long-distance dispersal events are relatively common in Fabeae (seven per ten million years). Current generic and infrageneric circumscriptions in Fabeae do not reflect monophyletic groups and should be revised. Suggestions for generic level delimitation are offered.
The shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora.
Propagación vegetativa de taique (Desfontainia spinosa) y tepa (Laureliopsis philippiana) con fines ornamentales Vegetative propagation for horticultural potential of taique (Desfontainia spinosa) and tepa (Laureliopsis philippiana) by cuttings
RESUMENSe presenta la ubicación de 123 nuevos registros de la enredadera leñosa michay rojo o voqui pilfuco (Berberidopsis corallina Hook.f.) en la Región del Bío Bío, Chile, y se describe el estado de conservación de su hábitat. Las poblaciones de esta especie amenazada fueron descubiertas en 65 fragmentos de vegetación y bosques nativos con fines de protección, al interior de predios de la empresa forestal Bosques Arauco S.A. Estos registros incrementan significativamente la distribución espacial y altitudinal conocida para esta especie endémica del país y considerada en peligro de extinción. Además, estos nuevos registros revelan una mayor continuidad de sus poblaciones en la región respecto de datos previos. PALABRAS CLAVES: Michay rojo, Berberidopsis corallina, especies amenazadas, distribución natural, Cordillera de Nahuelbuta. ABSTRACTThe location of 123 new records of the woody climbing vine michay rojo or voqui pilfuco (Berberidopsis corallina Hook.f.) in Bio Bio Region, Chile, is presented and its habitat conservation status is described. The populations of this threatened species were discovered in 65 native forest fragments for conservation purposes in Bosques Arauco S.A. company lands. These records increase significantly the known spatial and altitudinal distribution for this endemic species considered as endangered. They also show a greater proximity among its populations in Bio Bio Region than previous data.
SUMMARYThe objective of the present study was to analyze levels and distribution patterns of isozyme variation in the only five known populations of Legrandia concinna, a threatened and range-restricted species to the temperate forest of the Chilean South Central Andes. Six enzyme systems were resolved using a combination of two buffer solutions which yielded information on nine putative loci; 67 % of these were polymorphic in at least one population. Levels of genetic variation for L. concinna populations are low, with average polymorphism of 31 %, and observed and expected heterozygosis of 0.07 and 0.11 respectively. We found significant mean within-population inbreeding (F IS = 0.395) and among-population divergence (F ST = 41 %). Cluster analysis indicates that genetic diversity is latitudinally structured. Our results show that even small populations may still retain as much genetic diversity as larger ones, which, in addition to significant restrictions for gene flow, call for urgent conservation actions; otherwise L. concinna could be seriously threatened.Key words: isozyme, rare species, restricted gene flow, vulnerable species. RESUMENEl objetivo de este estudio fue analizar los niveles y patrones de distribución de polimorfismos isoenzimáticos en las únicas cinco poblaciones conocidas de Legrandia concinna, una especie amenazada de rango restringido de los bosques templados de Los Andes de Chile central. Seis sistemas enzimáticos se resolvieron usando una combinación de dos soluciones tampón que dieron información sobre nueve loci génicos putativos, 67 % de los cuales resultaron polimórficos en al menos una población. Los niveles de variación genética en poblaciones de L. concinna resultaron bajos, con un polimorfismo promedio de 31 % y heterocigosis observada y esperada de 0,07 y 0,11, respectivamente. Las poblaciones de L. concinna mostraron una significativa endogamia dentro de las poblaciones (F IS = 0,395) y divergencia entre poblaciones (F ST = 41 %). El análisis multivariado de cluster indicó que la diversidad genética está estructurada latitudinalmente. Los resultados sugieren que aún poblaciones pequeñas pueden retener tanta diversidad genética como las de mayor tamaño. Esto, en combinación con las restricciones significativas al flujo génico, muestra la necesidad de realizar medidas urgentes de conservación, de lo contrario L. concinna se encontrará seriamente amenazada.Palabras clave: isoenzimas, especie rara, flujo génico restringido, especie vulnerable.
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