Aims:The objective of this study is to detect the prevalence of qnr genes in broad-spectrum betalactamase producing Klebsiella pneumoniae, involved in hospital and community-acquired infections. Study Design: It is a retrospective study. Place and Duration of Study: Bacteriology and virology laboratorie of Institut Pasteur, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Methodology: From January 2011 to June 2016, 350 Klebsiella pneumoniae were isolated from various clinical specimens and identified by conventional bacteriological tests. Antibiotic resistance (beta-lactams, quinolones and aminoglycosides) and detection of broad-spectrum beta-lactamases Tahou et al; MRJI, 20(2): 1-7, 2017; Article no.MRJI.34085 2 were assessed by the diffusion method and the synergy test, respectively. Molecular characterization of quinolone resistance genes (qnr A, qnr B and qnr S) was performed by the conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: Of the 350 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, 91(26%) were detected as ESBL producer, 36.2% (n=33) recovered from urine, 24.2% (n=22) from pus and 20.8% (n=19) from blood culture respectively. 46(33%) strains were idenifed to carry qnr genes, qnrB predominate 33(71%), followed by qnr 12(26.1%) and qnrA 1(2.2%). The strains exhibited high resistance to most of the agents tested, expect imipemen, low resistance to amikacin 4.1%, moderate to cefoxitin 31.8% and 54.9% with amoxicillin-clauvanic acid. Conclusion: Although these observed prevalences are small proportions, this can be seen as a warning signal for the future. The emergence and dissemination of resistance genes in Côte d'Ivoire could pose a public health problem. Thus, the establishment of a relevant resistance surveillance policy to better control the circulation of multidrug-resistant strains is necessary. Original Research Article

Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae are pathogens frequently involved in urinary tract infections with high epidemic potential. The increase and spread resistance of these microbes to broad spectrum beta-lactam antibiotics are usually reported and is a real public health concern in Côte d'Ivoire but information on genetic variants and intragenic mutations encoding these resistances are scarce. The aim of this study is to characterize genetic variants and describe the intragenic mutations underlying resistance to broad-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotics in uropathogen E. coli and K. pneumoniae in HKB and CHR hospitals with different epidemiological facies in Côte d'Ivoire. 39 strains comprising 30 of E. coli and 9 strains of K. pneumoniae were isolated from which DNA was extracted, amplified and sequenced. ESBLs genes were detected by polymerase chain reaction in 58.8 % of strain analysis. No significant difference was observed between ESBL from HKB and CHR hospitals although HKB and CHR sites present 50 and 56.8% of ESBL respectively. Nucleotide sequences subjected to BLASTn for sequences similarity and homology revealed diversity of resistance genes with dominance of the gene encoding the extended-spectrum β-lactamase CTX-M-15 and the emergence of a new blaTEM-9 gene in Côte d'Ivoire. The significant co-expression of ESBLs might impact 3 rd generation cephalosporin multiresistance among pathogenic bacteria infecting patient population. Routine antibiogram practice could guide the choice of optimal antibiotic therapy for successful treatment and delay the occurrence of multidrug resistance in enterobacterial infections.

The problem of antibiotic resistance of uropathogens appears in Abobo municipality to be worsening because of the overuse and misuse of antibiotics. This study aims to assess the impact of drugs pressure on uropathogenic Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. strains isolated from patients attending Abobo-Avocatier Hospital. The study was conducted in patients suffering from urinary tract infection. Urine samples of patients were collected; culture and antibiogram using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method were performed. The overall prevalence was 31.1% with a significant difference between males and females (p = 0.01). The highest susceptible age group of patients to UTI was 21-45 years (33%). E. coli and Klebsiella spp were the predominant bacteria among isolated Gram negative. Up to 70% of the isolates of both uropathogens were resistant to Penicillins, Tetracyclines and Ampicillin-Sulbactam. Imipenem was the most active antibiotic on these uropathogens. Quinolones showed a better activity on Klebisiella spp. strains than those of E. coli. The high value of the Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Index and the rate of multi-resistance from this site suggest the need for continuous monitoring of antibiotic susceptibility profile of bacteria implicated in UTI prior to antibiotic prescription in order to ensure optimal and desired treatment.

The stings of the blackflies create a nuisance that hinders the agricultural and fishing activities of rural populations. In order to respond to the concern of the latter, this study was carried out in three epidemiological facies of onchocerciasis in Côte d’Ivoire. The aim of the study was to determine the daily and seasonal variation of blackfly nuisance. To do this, blackflies were captured on humans, identified and dissected. The entomological data revealed a total of 4244 blackflies captured. The comparison between the daily periods and the blackfly nuisance reveals averages of 42.4; 2.03; 22.3 bites/man/ hour and 5.04; 10.06; 27.1 bites/man/hour recorded in the morning, afternoon and evening respectively in Soubré and Bouaflé. In Touba the respective averages of 12.06 and 83.06 bites/man/hour were recorded in the morning and evening. A significant difference was observed between the bite density received during the rainy and dry seasons (χ2 = 4.81; p = 0.022). The bite density recorded in the rainy season was about twice as high as in the dry season (OR=1.87). A significant nuisance due to blackflies appeared in the divisions of Soubré, Bouaflé and Touba and varied seasonally between localities. In order to eradicate this blackflies nuisance, the onchocerciasis control system should eliminate blackflies by various means such as the destruction of breeding sites.