The crystal structure of the diethyl 2-benzimidazol-1ylsuccinate-picric acid (1 / 1) molecular complex has been determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. Diethyl 2benzimidazol-l-ylsuccinate molecules form channels along the a axis, in which the picric acid molecules are located. The benzimidazole moiety and the phenol group are held together by hydrogen bonding between the hydrogen of the phenol and the N3 atom of benzimidazole. Additionally, this hydrogen forms an intramolecular hydrogen bond with one O atom of the ortho-nitro group, thus producing a bifurcated hydrogen bond. I H NMR spectra in DMSO-d6 solution and CP/MAS solid 13C NMR studies of this 2-benzimidazol-1-ylsuccinate-picric acid (1/1) molecular complex, as well as those of dimethyl, diethyl, di-n-butyl and 1-n-butyl-4-ethyl 2imidazol-1-ylsuccinates, diethyl 2-pyrazol-1-ylsuccinate, ethyl imidazol-1-ylacetate, ethyl pyrazol-1-ylacetate and ethyl pyrazol-l-ylsuccinate, suggest that the picric acid linkage depends on the nature of the azole. Actual proton transfer is deduced for the imidazole derivatives, but only weak hydrogen bonding could be inferred for pyrazole derivatives.
The regioselectivity of nucleophilic addition of azoles to unsymmetrical fumarates yielding the corresponding (+/-)-2-azol-1-ylsuccinates has been studied. The major regioisomer has been identified as the one obtained from the attack of the azole to the more congestive side of the double bond. These results have been interpreted in terms of HOMO-LUMO interactions using semiempirical AM1 molecular orbital calculations. Addition of amines as alternative heteronucleophiles has been also explored to confirm the regioselectivity. Neutral hydrolysis of the two n-butyl ethyl (+/-)-2-imidazol-1-ylsuccinate regioisomers 8a and 8b has shown that this hydrolysis takes place faster than with the corresponding symmetrical di-n-butyl (+/-)-2-imidazol-1-ylsuccinate, and the apparent rate of hydrolysis is independent of the size of the alcohol moiety.
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