No abstract

In less than one century, the once-abundant Peruvian diving petrel has become the first endangered seabird of the Humboldt Current System (HCS). This small endemic petrel of the South American Pacific coast is now an important indicator of ongoing habitat loss and of the success of local conservation policies in the HCS - an ecoregion designated as a priority for the conservation of global biodiversity. Yet so far, poorly understood life history traits such as philopatry or dispersal ability may strongly influence the species’ response to ecosystem changes, but also our capacity to assess and interpret this response. To address this question, we explore the range-wide population structure of the Peruvian diving petrel, and show that this small seabird exhibits extreme philopatric behavior at the island level. Mitochondrial DNA sequences and genome-wide SNP data reveal significant isolation and low migration at very short distances, and provide strong evidence for questioning the alleged recovery in the Peruvian and Chilean populations of this species. Importantly, the full demographic independence between colonies makes local population rescue through migration unlikely. As a consequence, the Peruvian diving petrel appears to be particularly vulnerable to ongoing anthropogenic pressure. By excluding immigration as a major factor of demographic recovery, our results highlight the unambiguously positive impact of local conservation measures on breeding populations; yet at the same time they also cast doubt on alleged range-wide positive population trends. Overall, the protection of independent breeding colonies, and not only of the species as a whole, remains a major element in the conservation strategy for endemic seabirds. Finally, we underline the importance of considering the philopatric behavior and demographic independence of breeding populations, even at very fine spatial scales, in spatial planning for marine coastal areas.

RESUMEN:El objetivo del presente estudio es determinar el somatotipo y la composición corporal de la selección masculina de fútbol universitario bicampeona del año 2013 y realizar la comparación de éstos entre posiciones de juego y con otras poblaciones de futbolistas. Se realizó una evaluación kineantropométrica a trece jugadores de la selección masculina de fútbol de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso (PUCV) 2013, utilizando el perfil completo del protocolo de la Sociedad Internacional para el Avance de la Kineantropometría (ISAK). Las mediciones se realizaron en pretemporada. Se determinó que el somatotipo de la selección masculina de fútbol de la PUCV 2013 corresponde a Endo-Mesomorfo (3,5-5,6-1,7). Los valores de composición corporal promedio de la selección de fútbol PUCV fueron 25,81% de masa grasa, 47,41% de masa muscular, 10,68% de masa ósea, 5,07% de masa piel y 11,03% de masa residual. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en los resultados expuestos en las diferentes posiciones en el campo de juego, con respecto a somatotipo, composición corporal y variables kineantropométricas analizadas (valor p >0,05). El perfil somatotípico de la selección masculina de fútbol de la PUCV 2013 es Endo-Mesomorfo, resultado similar al encontrado en otro estudio realizado en futbolistas universitarios. En cuanto a la composición corporal se observó que los porcentajes de tejido muscular y óseo se encuentran dentro de los rangos aceptables, mientras que el tejido graso se encuentra elevado respecto a otras poblaciones de futbolistas profesionales y universitarios.PALABRAS CLAVE: Kineantropometría; Somatotipo; Composición corporal; Fútbol amateur; Fútbol universitario. INTRODUCCIÓNActualmente la kineantropometría es ampliamente utilizada para determinar la composición corporal y el somatotipo en diferentes deportes, especialmente el deporte más popular del mundo: el fútbol (Jorquera Aguilera et al., 2013).La kineantropometría se define como una especialización científica que trata la medición de personas en una variedad de perspectivas morfológicas. Su aplicación al movimiento y los factores que influencian en él, tienen como objetivo entender el proceso de crecimiento, ejercicio, rendimiento deportivo y nutrición (Herrero de Lucas et al., 2004;Ross et al., 1972). Además, la kineantropometría tiene múltiples utilidades, como establecer la maduración corporal (Jorquera Aguilera et al., 2013), realizar una planificación deportiva específica (Jorquera Aguilera et al., 2012), descripción poblacional antropométrica (Kagawa et al., 2007), detección de talentos deportivos , comparar somatotipos con el ideal de un deporte, controlar la eficacia de un programa de entrenamiento (Casajús, 2001) y prevención de lesiones (Fernández Martínez et al., 2008;Gaida et al., 2004;Malliaras et al., 2007; Pliski et al., 2007;Ferretti et al., 2003;Rittweger et al., 2000). También la kineantropometría ayuda a determinar la posición de juego de un futbolista según sus características morfológicas, más allá del somatotipo, y...

Introduction: The determination of the morphological characteristics of the most popular sports has allowed the evaluation and comparison between athletes, which has helped to improve their performance. The Street Workout is an emerging sport based on calisthenics, which recently has become popular. Despite its popularization, neither the morphologic profi le nor the morphologic characteristics of Street Workout athletes has been determined. Objective: Determine the profi le and morphological characteristics of Street-Workout athletes, through anthropometry. Material and methods: Fourteen athletes (22.7 ± 3.26 years) were recruited from the National Calisthenics Tournament 2015 in Chile. The athletes were evaluated following the protocol of the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry to determine the somatotype, body composition, as well as indices of body composition such as body mass index, waist to hip ratio, waist to height ratio, fat/muscle mass and muscle/bone mass indexes. Results: Street Workout practitioners presented a balanced-mesomorphic somatotype, a low fat mass and a high muscular development, with upper arms and trunk predominance. Regarding body composition indices, the values obtained allow us to classify them as a low-risk population of chronic non-communicable diseases. Conclusion: The present study sets a fi rst antecedent of the morphological characteristics of Street Workout, determining that the Street Workout athletes presented balanced-mesomorphic somatotype and were classifi ed as a healthy and athletic sample by their body composition indexes.

For Rapa Nui (Easter Island) and its largest islet, Motu Nui, the change of the species assemblage over time was analysed, and a trait‐based approach to evaluate the potential losses in seabird function across the past centuries was applied. At a finer scale, the seasonal changes in seabird species composition in the current seabird assemblage was assessed to better understand the dynamics of the long‐term inferred patterns.For Rapa Nui, the composition of the seabird assemblage between the prehistorical, historical, and current time has changed significantly. The most critical change, probably associated with human colonization, was observed between prehistoric and current times. The current diminished number of nesting seabird species was probably the result of local extirpation without evidence of colonization by new species.For Motu Nui, changes in species composition were also followed by changes in trait structure, which were smaller than observed in Rapa Nui. This is probably due to the presence of a relatively high number of related species (i.e. Procellariids) with high similarities in their foraging behaviour.The nesting seabird assemblages in Rapa Nui and Motu Nui differ in exposure to risk; thus, conservation strategies applied to the islands should be planned on a fine spatial scale. For Rapa Nui, which is an urban wildlife area with several invasive species and a low number of remaining native seabird species, management should focus on fencing and pets control. For Motu Nui, management should instead focus on the establishment of quarantine and other biosecurity tools to avoid both the entry and proliferation of new invasive species.

Aim For seabirds, food supplies and nest sites are largely driven by oceanographic gradients and island habitats, respectively. Research into seabirds’ ecological roles in insular ecosystems is crucial to understanding processes that structure seabird nesting assemblages. We examined the influence of island physiography and oceanographic factors on the spatial variation in α‐ and β‐diversity of nesting seabird assemblages. Location South‐eastern Pacific Ocean. Taxon Birds. Methods We compiled data from 53 seabirds breeding on 41 coastal and oceanic islands using different sources: our field records, online databases, environmental reports and literature. We used generalized linear models (GLM) to describe the effect of island physiography (area, elevation and isolation) and oceanographic factors (surface temperature, salinity and primary productivity) on seabird species richness (α‐diversity). We applied multivariate GLM to test the effects of physiographic and oceanographic predictors on species composition (β‐diversity). We used Jaccard dissimilarities on species occurrences per island to calculate β‐diversity partitioned into turnover and nestedness. Polynomial models allowed us to model these metrics against geographical and environmental gradients and so analyse patterns in seabird β‐diversity across spatial scales. Results Species richness was highest in Galápagos, Pitcairn and Rapa Nui. Changes in seabird α‐diversity across islands were determined by island area and distance to South America but not by oceanographic variables. Physiographic and oceanographic factors were significant in determining β‐diversity. Changes in β‐diversity were mostly due to species replacement (β‐turnover) across three major island Systems (Galápagos Archipelago, Chilean coastal islands and oceanic islands of the south‐eastern Pacific). The contribution of β‐nestedness was restricted to small scales (within archipelagos). Main conclusions Physiographic and oceanographic factors explain species diversity of seabird assemblages on islands of the south‐eastern Pacific. Oceanographic variables did not affect species richness but significantly influenced species composition. Change in species composition reflects gradients across three marine biogeographical realms: Temperate South, Eastern Indo‐Pacific and Tropical Eastern Pacific. The low degree of species nestedness may reflect multiple evolutionary origins.

1. The structure of food webs provides important insight into biodiversity, organic matter (OM) pathways, and ecosystem functioning. 2. Stable isotope analysis (δ 13 C and δ 15 N) was used to characterize the trophic structure and the main OM pathways supporting food webs in the Rapa Nui

Slackline challenges balance by walking on a tensioned strap, where the trunk muscles help to maintain or regain balance. This study aimed to compare a cohort of individuals who regularly practiced slackline and physically inactive individuals on core endurance (CE) and dynamic balance (DB) and to determine whether CE is associated with years of slackline practice. Nine individuals (7 men) who practiced slackline regularly (SG; age= 24.5±3.6 years) and nine physically inactive individuals (7 men) (CG; age= 23.2±3.3 years) were compared. CE was assessed with the McGill battery (trunk flexor, extensor, and side-bridge test) and the plank test. DB was measured with the modified star excursion balance test in stable and unstable conditions. The SG maintained a 36.2% and 45% longer time in left lateral bridge (p=.049) and plank (p=.031), respectively, compared to the CG. The distance achieved in the stable DB test was similar between groups, but in unstable condition was 37.8% greater (p=.016) in SG in both legs and 46.6% greater in the non-dominant leg (p=.039) compared to CG. The SG showed a correlation between years of slackline practice and flexor (r=.674; p=.046), right lateral (r=.765; p=.016) and left (r=.730; p=.026) trunk endurance. In conclusion, those who practice slackline maintain a longer time in the plank and left lateral bridge test and achieve a higher reach distance in unstable DB compared to physically inactive individuals who do not practice slackline. Resumen. El slackline desafía el equilibrio al caminar sobre una cinta en tensión, donde los músculos del tronco ayudan a mantener o recuperar el equilibrio. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar individuos que practicaban slackline e individuos inactivos fisicamente (IF) en resistencia del core (RC) y equilibrio dinámico (ED), y conocer si la RC se asocia a los años de practica de slackline. Nueve individuos (7 hombres) que practicaban slackline regularmente (GS; edad= 24.5±3.6 años) y nueve individuos IF (7 hombres) (GC; edad= 23.2±3.3 años) fueron comparados. La RC se evaluó con la bateria de McGill (prueba de flexores y extensores de tronco y puente lateral) y la prueba de la plancha. El ED se midió con la prueba de excursión de la estrella modificada en condiciones estables e inestables. El GS mantuvo un tiempo 36.2% y 45% mayor en puente lateral izquierdo (p=.049) y plancha (p=.031) respectivamente comparado con el GC. La distancia alcanzada en la prueba de ED estable fue similar entre grupos, pero en condición inestable fue 37.8% mayor (p=.016) en GS en ambas piernas y 46.6% mayor en la pierna no dominante (p=.039) comparado al GC. El GS mostró una correlación entre años de práctica de slackline y resistencia flexora (r=.674; p=.046), lateral derecha (r=.765; p=.016) e izquierda (r=.730; p=.026) de tronco. En conclusión, quienes practican slackline mantienen un tiempo mayor la prueba de la plancha y puente lateral izquierdo y logran un mayor alcance en ED inestable comparados con individuos IF que no lo practican.