Studies of the trophic structure in methane-seep habitats provide insight into the ecological function of deep-sea ecosystems. Methane seep biota on the Chilean margin likely represent a novel biogeographic province; however, little is known about the ecology of the seep fauna and particularly their trophic support. The present study, using natural abundance stable isotopes, reveals a complex trophic structure among heterotrophic consumers, with four trophic levels supported by a diversity of food sources at a methane seep area off Concepci on, Chile (~36°S). Although methanotrophy, thiotrophy and phototrophy are all identified as carbon fixation mechanisms fueling the food web within this area, most of the analysed species (87.5%) incorporate carbon derived from photosynthesis and a smaller number (12%) use carbon derived from chemosynthesis. Methanederived carbon (MDC) incorporation was documented in 22 taxa, including sipunculids, gastropods, polychaetes and echinoderms. In addition, wide trophic niches were detected in suspension-feeding and deposit-feeding taxa, possibly associated with the use of organic matter in different stages of degradation (e.g. from fresh to refractory). Estimates of Bayesian standard ellipses area (SEA B ) reveal different isotopic niche breadth in the predator fishes, the Patagonian toothfish Dissostichus eleginoides and the combtooth dogfish Centroscyllium nigrum, suggesting generalist versus specialist feeding behaviors, respectively. Top predators in the ecosystem were the Patagonian toothfish D. eleginoides and the dusky cat shark, Bythaelurus canescens. The blue hake Antimora rostrata also provides a trophic link between the benthic and pelagic systems, with a diet based primarily on pelagic-derived carrion. These findings can inform accurate ecosystem models, which are critical for effective management and conservation of methane seep and adjacent deep-sea habitats in the Southeastern Pacific.

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RESUMEN.Se presenta los resultados de dos campañas (invierno y verano) de pesca de bacalao de profundidad (Dissostichus eleginoides), realizadas sobre un área de filtración de metano (AFM) y un sitio aledaño utilizado como control. Estas fueron desarrolladas con el objetivo de determinar si las AFM constituyen sitios de agregación de D. eleginoides. Para cada área se registró la captura promedio, el rendimiento de pesca y se determinó índices de abundancia y diversidad incluyendo la fauna capturada incidentalmente. Los ejemplares de bacalao de profundidad capturados en ambos sitios fueron sexados, medidos y pesados. Adicionalmente, se presentan imágenes tomadas in situ, dentro del AFM, que documentan la presencia tanto de D. eleginoides como aparejos de pesca perdidos utilizados en su captura frente a la costa de Concepción. Las mayores capturas y rendimientos fueron observadas en el AFM, con valores promedio de 56,2 kg por lance de pesca y rendimientos promedios de 80,3 g/anzuelo, siendo significativamente mayores en comparación al sitio control. La campaña de pesca realizada en invierno registra mayores capturas y rendimientos en ambas áreas. La composición faunística evaluada a través de los índices comunitarios, indica diferencias significativas entre sitios, registrándose un mayor número de especies de fauna acompañante en el AFM, en comparación con el sitio control (18 y 14 especies, respectivamente). Se hipotetiza que la mayor abundancia de bacalao de profundidad en el AFM, estaría relacionada tanto con la mayor heterogeneidad espacial, dada por la presencia de arrecifes de carbonatos autigénicos, como con la disponibilidad de presas, constituyendo estos sitios como zonas de alimentación. El presente trabajo entrega información tendiente a establecer el rol ecológico de las AFM y la fauna asociada a ellas en ambientes batiales frente a Chile. Palabras clave: bacalao de profundidad, filtraciones de metano, zona batial, fauna acompañante, Chile. Do the methane seep areas constitute aggregation spots for the Patagonian toothfish (Dissostichus eleginoides) off central Chile?ABSTRACT. We report results of two seasons (winter and summer) fishing for Patagonian toothfish (Dissostichus eleginoides), performed on a methane seep area (AFM) and a nearby place used as a control. These campaigns were developed with the aim of determining whether the AFM are sites of aggregation of D. eleginoides. For each area, the average catch was recorded, fishing performance and, abundance and diversity of wildlife indexes were determined, including incidentally caught fauna. Patagonian toothfish caught at both sites were sexed, measured and weighed. Additionally, there are images taken in situ, within the AFM, documenting the presence of both D. eleginoides as well as lost fishing gear used in their capture off the coast of Concepcion. The largest catches and yields were observed in the AFM, with average values of 56.2 kg per fishing haul and average yields of 80.3 g/hook, being significantly higher compared to the control site. ...

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Through application of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stable isotope analyses, we investigated the benthic trophic structure of the upper-slope off southern Chile (~45°S) including a recent methane seep area discovered as part of this study. The observed fauna comprised 53 invertebrates and seven fish taxa, including remains of chemosymbiotic fauna (e.g. chemosymbiotic bivalves and siboglinid polychaetes), which are typical of methane seep environments. While in close-proximity to a seep, the heterotrophic fauna had a nutrition derived predominantly from photosynthetic sources (δ13C > –21‰). The absence of chemosynthesis-based nutrition in the consumers was likely a result of using an Agassiz trawl to sample the benthos, a method that is likely to collect a mix of fauna including individuals from adjacent non-seep bathyal environments. While four trophic levels were estimated for invertebrates, the fish assemblage was positioned within the third trophic level of the food web. Differences in corrected standard ellipse area (SEAC), which is a proxy of the isotopic niche width, yielded differences for the demersal fish Notophycis marginata (SEAC = 5.1‰) and Coelorinchus fasciatus (SEAC = 1.1‰), suggesting distinct trophic behaviours. No ontogenic changes were detected in C. fasciatus regarding food sources and trophic position. The present study contributes the first basic trophic data for the bathyal area off southern Chile, including the identification of a new methane seep area, among the furthest south ever discovered. Such information provides the basis for the proper sustainable management of the benthic environments present along the vast Chilean continental margin.

Summary Feeding and stable isotope analyses for Bythaelurus canescens individuals were conducted to describe the diet of B. canescens as well as infer their potential prey species in the community. Stomach content analysis and mixing models by ratio isotopes composition were used to infer the food habits and calculate the trophic level of the dusky catshark, B. canescens. The results showed siphonophores and cephalopods as the most important food in the diet (67.9 and 20.2%, respectively). Calculated trophic level was 3.9, indicating that B. canescens is a meso‐predator in the upper continental slope communities off Chile. By mixing models based on isotope data it can be inferred that the probabilities of the consumption cephalopods and siphonophores would be 36.7 and 15.2%, respectively.