The tick Rhipicephalus microplus causes significant losses in livestock cattle and has developed increasing resistance to the primary acaricides that are used to treat these infections. The objective of this study was to identify new biomolecules or isolated substances showing acaricidal activity from plants. Larval packet tests were conducted to evaluate the effects of 11 species of plants and three isolated substances (betulinic acid, eugenol, and nerolidol) on R. microplus. An adult female immersion test was performed with the substance that showed the highest larvicidal activity, which was evaluated for inhibition of reproduction. Tests using Licania tomentosa, Hymenaea stigonocarpa, Hymenaea courbaril, Stryphnodendron obovatum, Jacaranda cuspidifolia, Jacaranda ulei, Struthanthus polyrhizus, Chrysobalanus icaco, Vernonia phosphorea, Duguetia furfuracea, and Simarouba versicolor extracts as well as the isolated substance betulinic acid indicated lower acaricidal effects on R. microplus larvae. The extract displaying the best larvicidal activity was the ethanolic extract from L. tomentosa at a concentration of 60%, resulting in a mortality rate of 40.3%. However, nerolidol and eugenol showed larvicidal activity, which was highest for eugenol. Nerolidol caused a 96.5% mortality rate in the R. microplus larvae at a high concentration of 30%, and eugenol caused 100% mortality at a concentration of 0.3%. In the adult immersion test, 5% eugenol was identified as a good biomolecule for controlling R. microplus, as demonstrated by its high acaricidal activity and inhibition of oviposition.
RESUMO Em eqüinos, as enterotomias no cólon descendente são necessárias para remover enterólitos, corpos estranhos (days 3,7,14,35 and 70)
O estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de comparar o processo cicatricial do cólon descendente de eqüinos, quando submetido a duas técnicas de sutura, uma em plano aposicional e outra em dois planos com invaginação. Foram utilizados 15 eqüinos sadios e a intervenção cirúrgica foi realizada com os animais em decúbito lateral direito, sob anestesia geral inalatória. O acesso à cavidade abdominal foi feito pelo flanco esquerdo, e após exteriorização do cólon descendente, realizaram-se duas enterotomias de 5cm de extensão cada, distanciadas 20cm uma da outra. Os animais foram aleatoriamente distribuídos em cinco grupos de três animais cada e sacrificados aos 3, 7, 14, 21 e 35 dias pós-operatório. O exame necroscópico revelou presença de aderências nos dois padrões de sutura. Em nove eqüinos foram observadas aderências no padrão de sutura aposicional (60,0% ± 12,6) e em quatro no padrão com invaginação (26,6 % ± 11,4). Não foi verificada interferência com o trânsito intestinal em nenhum paciente. O exame histopatológico revelou regeneração da camada mucosa a partir do sétimo dia de pós-operatório em ambos os tipos de sutura. O fio de poliglactina 910 empregado nas enterorrafias do cólon descendente se mostrou resistente, de fácil manuseio e com boa capacidade para manter os nós aplicados, causando moderada reação inflamatória do tipo granulomatosa.
The control of Rhipicephalus microplus is essential to prevent cattle discomfort and economic losses. However, increased resistance and acaricides inefficiency lead producers to adopt strategies that could result in the accumulation of chemical residues in meat and milk with possibilities of poisoning in animals and people. This scenario demonstrates the necessity of research into the identification of novel, effective and environmentally safe therapeutic options for cattle tick control. The objectives of this study were to develop and assess the efficacy of R. microplus biotherapic and of 5% eugenol for the control of R. microplus in artificially infested calves. Eighteen male 6-month-old Holstein calves were divided into three groups of six animals. In Group 1, the animals did not receive medication (control group); in Group 2, the animals received 1 mL of R. microplus biotherapic at dilution 6CH (centesimal Hahnemannian), orally administered twice daily. And in Group 3, they received a single application of eugenol 5% in the pour-on formulation. The median efficacy for biotherapy and eugenol 5% was respectively 10.13 and 13.97%; however, upon analyzing reproductive efficiency, it is noteworthy that the biotherapic had 45.86% efficiency and was superior to the action of eugenol (12.03%) after 37 days of treatment. The ultrastructural study provided information about the effects of R. microplus biotherapic on the ovaries of engorged females and showed disorganization in the deposition of the oocyte exochorion. The results suggest hatchability inhibition of larvae, interference in R. microplus reproduction and future possibilities for eco-friendly control of R. microplus with biotherapic 6CH.
O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar a ação imunoestimulante dos medicamentos homeopáticos Echinacea e Ignatia em leitões híbridos Landrace-Pietran distribuídos em três grupos. O experimento foi conduzido no setor de suinocultura da FAFRAM, situada no município de Ituverava. Os medicamentos homeopáticos foram administrados via dieta dos 7 até os 28 dias de idade, sendo que a desmama ocorreu no 21° dia de vida dos leitões. O grupo I não recebeu tratamento e foi considerado como controle; os leitões do grupo II foram tratados com Echinacea 12CH e os leitões do grupo III foram tratados com Echinacea 12CH e Ignatia 12CH. Inspeções clínicas foram realizadas diariamente e as pesagens nos dias 0, 7, 14 e 28 dias de vida. O medicamento homeopático Echinacea (grupo II) e sua associação com Ignatia (grupo III) demonstraram eficiência na profilaxia de afecções intestinais comumente presentes na fase de maternidade e creche e na diminuição do estresse pósdesmame na espécie suína. Os leitões do grupo III mostraram-se mais familiarizados e adaptados à creche do que os do grupo II.
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