Crude extracts of the oocysts of Eimeria tenella, a protozoan parasite of the coccidium family that develops inside the caecal epithelial cells of infected chickens, do not incorporate glycine or formate into purine nucleotides; this suggests lack of capability for de novo purine synthesis by the parasite. The extracts, however, contain high levels of activity of the purine salvage enzymes: hypoxanthine, guanine, xanthine, and adenine phosphoribosyltransferases and adenosine kinase. The absence of AMP deaminase from the parasite indicates that E. tenella cannot convert AMP to GMP; the latter thus has to be supplied by the hypoxanthine, xanthine, or guanine phosphoribosyltransferase of the parasite. These three activities are associated with one enzyme (HXGPRTase), which has been purified to near homogeneity in high yield (71-80%) in a single step by GMP-agarose affinity column chromatography. The size ofthe enzyme subunit is estimated to be 23,000 daltons by NaDodSO4 gel electrophoresis. Kinetic studies suggest differences in purine substrate specificity between E. teneUa HXGPRTase and chicken liver HGPRTase. Allopurinol preferentially inhibits the parasite enzyme by competing with hypoxanthine; a 1K 22 ,AM. All parasitic protozoa examined to date appear to be unable to synthesize the purine ring de novo, as reflected by the failure ofradiolabeled glycine and formate to label nucleic acid purines of the parasites in minimal defined media. Of particular note are studies on Trypanosoma cruzi (1), Leishmania braziliensis (2), Plasmodium lophurae (3), and Trypanosoma megna (4), which provide well-documented cases for lack of capability for de novo purine synthesis and, hence, dependence on purine salvage. Host hypoxanthine, adenine, and adenosine have been suggested as the three major sources of purines for these parasites (5), but recent evidence favors the hypothesis that hypoxanthine may be the main, if not the only, supply of purines to Plasmodia (6, 7), Leishmania (2,8), and Crithidiafasciculata (8). Adenosine and adenine are probably converted to hypoxanthine by the purine nucleoside hydrolase (9) and adenine aminohydrolase (2) ofthe parasites before incorporation into the nucleotide pool.Among members of the coccidia family, a group of parasitic protozoa developing inside intestinal epithelial or muscle cells ofinfected animals, Toxoplasma gondii trophozoites were found incapable of incorporating glycine or formate into their DNA (10). They grow normally inside cultured Lesch-Nyhan skin fibroblasts, which lack hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRTase), and effectively incorporate exogenous hypoxanthine and guanine into nucleic acids (11). T. gondii has no detectable adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRTase) but has a high level ofadenosine kinase (12). The latter activity is largely lost in a mutant resistant to 1-,B3D-arabinofuranosyladenine (AraA). But wild-type and mutant T. gondii grown in cell culture are equally efficiently labeled by [3H]adenosine (12), suggesting that adenos...
Neither arprinocid nor its liver microsomal metabolite arprinocid-1-N-oxide binds to calf thymus DNA. Neither compound showed an effect on the synthesis of DNA, RNA, or proteins in HeLa cells or on the rate of respiration by Eimeria tenella mitochondria. The 1-N-oxide differs from the parent compound by its toxic effect on HeLa cells (ID50 = 5.0 ppm) reflected primarily through cellular vacuole formation from dilation of rough endoplasmic reticulum structures. Similar vacuole formation was observed in E. tenella merozoites pulse-treated with the drug. This effect on both types of cells is prevented by SKF-525A, an inhibitor of microsomal drug metabolism. Drug-induced visible absorption difference spectra and alterations in the electron paramagnetic signal of rat liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 indicate direct bindings of arprinocid-1-N-oxide to cytochrome P-450. These findings suggest cytochrome P-450 mediated microsomal metabolism involving arprinocid-1-N-oxide as part of the mechanism of antococcidial action of the drug. This metabolism may cause destruction of endoplasmic reticulum leading to cell death.
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