BackgroundOver recent decades, the prevalence of high blood pressure (BP) has increased among children. Several risk factors are involved in the genesis of high BP during childhood, and their early identification can prevent the development of that disease. ObjectivesTo assess the prevalence of high BP and associated factors in children. MethodsCross-sectional, population-based study, carried out at the household. This study included 276 two- to five-year-old children in the city of Goiânia, state of Goiás, and assessed their BP, sociodemographic characteristics, birth weight, high BP family history, passive smoking, maternal breastfeeding, dietary habits, sedentary lifestyle and nutritional status. Poisson regression was used to assess the association between risk factors and high BP. ResultsTheir mean age was 3.1 ± 0.79 years, and high BP and overweight were observed in 19.9% and 11.2% of the children, respectively. Direct association of high BP was identified with age [prevalence ratio (PR) = 2.3; 95%CI: 1.2 - 4.8; p = 0.017] and overweight (PR = 2.0; 95%CI: 1.2 - 3.6; p = 0.014). No other variable associated with high BP. ConclusionsThe prevalence of high BP in children was high. Overweight and younger children had greater prevalence of high BP.
ResumoObjetivos: Avaliar o ganho de peso na idade adulta, bem como a influência sobre a prevalência da hipertensão. Métodos: Estudo transversal, por meio de entrevista telefônica com indivíduos de 30-59 anos, recorte do Sistema Municipal de Monitoramento de Fatores de Risco para Doenças Crônicas Não Transmissíveis por Meio de Entrevistas Telefônicas (SIMTEL). Analisaram-se dados sociodemográficos, antropométricos e estilo de vida. O efeito independente do ganho de peso e do índice de massa corporal atual e aos 20 anos de idade na prevalência da hipertensão arterial foi analisado por meio de Regressão de Poisson. Resultados: Mediana de 42 anos de idade (IC95%; 41,0-43,0). A média do ganho de peso relativo foi de 18,1 ± 11,1%. Na amostra, 7,0% tiveram ganho de peso nulo, 19,2% baixo, 34,2% médio e 39,4% alto. Na análise multivariada, o ganho de peso não se associou à hipertensão arterial, já o IMC atual teve associação significativa, sendo a prevalência 2,4 vezes maior nos obesos do que nos eutróficos, enquanto que nos obesos aos 20 anos de idade a prevalência de hipertensão foi 1,9 vezes maior. Conclusões: Houve elevado ganho de peso na idade adulta, mas esse ganho não foi determinante para a hipertensão quando ajustado pelo IMC atual. Palavras-chave: hipertensão; pressão arterial; índice de massa corporal; ganho de peso; adulto. AbstractObjectives: Assess weight gain in adulthood, as well as influence on the prevalence of hypertension. Methods: Cross-sectional study through a telephone interview with individuals ranging from 30-59 years old, section of the Municipal Monitoring System of Risk Factors for Non-Transmitted Chronical Diseases via Telephone Interview (Sistema Municipal de Monitoramento de Fatores de Risco para Doenças Crônicas Não Transmissíveis por Meio de Entrevistas Telefônicas (SIMTEL)). We analyzed demographic data, anthropometric and lifestyle. The independent effect of weight gain and current body mass index and 20 years of age in the prevalence of hypertension was analyzed using Poisson regression. Results: The median age was 42 years old (CI95%, 41.0-43.0). The average relative weight gain was 18.1 ± 11.1%. In the sample, 7.0% presented zero weight gain, 19.2% low, 34.2% average, and 39.4% high weight gain. In multivariate analysis, the weight gain was not associated to high blood pressure, since the current BMI was significantly associated, with a prevalence 2.4 times higher in obese than in normal weight, while in obese at 20 years of age, the prevalence hypertension was 1.9 times higher. Conclusions: There was a high weight gain in adulthood, but this gain was not decisive for hypertension when adjusted by the current BMI.
The hydration status of nine male under 18 soccer players was evaluated after ingestion of the most accepted carbohydrate-electrolytic drink between three tests. The study was conducted during 80 minutes of training. The soccer players ingested 900 mL of a commercial carbohydrateelectrolytic drink (control) plus 300 mL of water or 900 mL of the most accepted drink (test) plus 300 mL of water. The time of training, exercise intensity, urinary status, weight, weight loss, the weight loss rate, the dehydration degree and the sweat rate were determined to verify the hydration status. The drink with 8% carbohydrate was the best accepted. The exercise intensity of the players was higher on the days that they ingested the tested drink. The time of training in relation to the tested drink was significantly lower than the control beverage (p = 0.008). The weight loss, the dehydration degree and sweat rate of the athletes with fluid intake test was higher when compared to control fluid intake. The athletes completed the game more dehydrated with the drinking fluid test; however, the limit of 2% weight loss was not exceeded. The exercise intensity (mild to moderate) and climatic conditions (lower temperature and higher relative humidity) on the day of the fluid control intake control may have helped the best results from the hydration capacity of the fluid control.
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