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The proliferation of ethnic militia and their activities in

This paper is on the effects of socio-economic activities on River Ethiope. The paper focused on how socioeconomic activities affect Ethiope River quality and its usability, with a view to proffering solutions to the effects of socio-economic on the river. To achieve this, 200 questionnaires were randomly administered on respondents in the area. To ascertain if there was a difference in the sources of pollution both in the urban and in the rural area along the river channel, the paired 't' test was used. The results however reveals, socioeconomic activities (cassava processing, cloth washing, discharge of sewage waste by the various resort centres on the river, etc) significantly affect the river quality; while the paired 't' test result showed that the sources of the river pollution does not vary both in the urban and in the rural area (table value 1.943>calculated value 1.596). It was however, recommended that; public awareness on the effects of polluted water should be carried out by both the government and NGO's; alternative sources of water be developed in the area for agricultural and industrial uses; the activities of the various resort centres and people living in the area should be monitored by the ministry of health so as to punish offenders.

The present study revolves around the women of three pastoral transhumant societies, Gaddis of Bharmour of Himachal Pradesh, Bhutias of Lachen and Lahung of Sikkim, and Changpa of Changthang of Ladakh. Women are backbone of the economics' structure, as the production system is much dependent on them. The role and status of women vary according to the traditions of cultural group. Transhumant pastoral societies depend for sustenance on livestock herding and use of pasturelands. Due to certain specificities like accessibility, fragility, marginality, diversity or heterogeneity; life in general is tougher for women among transhumant pastoralists. The pastoral production activities implicate the services of both sexes, but women's involvement varies in different culture-ecological conditions. Women play a central role in the pastoralist way of life, providing labour for the various tasks with regard to the livestock, the land and the household. The pastoral societies have been largely seen to be male dominated in which men have economic, social, political and cultural powers special to men. Patriarchy denotes a culture of power relationship that promotes man's supremacy Among Gaddis, the household consists of one elementary family of a man, his wife and their children, with the occasional addition of unmarried, widowed, or divorced relatives who would be otherwise alone in their house or wife and children of married son family. Conventionally fraternal polyandry, primogenitor and monasticism were part of a traditional culture among the Changpas and Bhutias to overcome economic and demographic problems. Regional isolation helped to retain the traditional socioeconomic system until the winds of change swept in.. In pastoral societies, both men and women share the economic activities but they do not share the burden equally or in the same ways. Pastoral women suffer two kinds of desecrations: those that all pastoralists share regardless of gender, and those that are specific to women. The women in study areas contribute more labour for smooth running of the household than men do. The Gaddi and Bhutia women have been playing a very important role in their economy. In these traditional pastoral communities, the women have an important role to play. Gender principles are central to the organisation of traditional communities. Emphasis on gender, a relational concept provides opportunities for looking at full range of social and cultural institutions, which reproduce gender hierarchies and gender-based inequalities. The cultural interpretation of gender is central to the identity and status of women that entails web of relationships

Before the discovery of oil in the Niger Delta region, agriculture was the dominant source of livelihood of the people in the region. The exploration and exploitation of crude oil has resulted in environmental degradation, contamination of soil and waters, pollution, loss of aquatic life and Bio diversity, etc. The above conditions have led to the emergence of Ethnic Militia who continues to struggle for the emancipation and development of the region. The activities of these militia groups have transformed from the struggle for emancipation and development of the region to criminality in the oil rich region of Nigeria. The study is an attempt to show how the failure on the part of the multinational corporations and the Federal Government to mitigate the consequences of their activities and develop the region given the fact that the region contributes a huge proportion of the National income of the Nigerian State has led to conflict in the region. This paper will also demonstrate how adequate mitigation measures and Development Projects and Programme will help to reduce conflict in the region.