Purpose-To compare the experience of occupational stress across a large and diverse set of occupations. Three stress related variables (psychological well-being, physical health and job satisfaction) are discussed and comparisons are made between 26 different occupations on each of these measures. The relationship between physical and psychological stress and job satisfaction at an occupational level is also explored. Design/methodology/approach-The measurement tool used is a short stress evaluation tool which provides information on a number of work related stressors and stress outcomes. Out of the full ASSET database 26 occupations were selected for inclusion in this paper. Findings-Six occupations are reporting worse than average scores on each of the factors-physical health, psychological well-being and job satisfaction (ambulance workers, teachers, social services, customer services-call centres, prison officers and police). Differences across and within occupational groups, for example, teaching and policing, are detailed. The high emotional labour associated with the high stress jobs is discussed as a potential causal factor. Research limitations/implications-This is not an exhaustive list of occupations and only concerns employees working within the UK. Originality/value-There is little information available that shows the relative values of stress across different occupations, which would enable the direct comparison of stress levels. This paper reports the rank order of 26 different occupations on stress and job satisfaction levels.

Geographic profilers have access to a repertoire of strategies for predicting a serial offender's home location. These strategies range in complexity-some involve more calculations to implement than others-and the assumption often made is that more complex strategies will outperform simpler strategies. In the present study, we tested the relationship between the complexity and accuracy of 11 strategies. Data were crime site and home locations of 16 UK residential burglars who had committed 10 or more crimes each. The results indicated that strategy complexity was not positively related to accuracy. This was also found to be the case across tasks that ranged in complexity (where complexity was determined by the number of crimes used to make a prediction). Implications for police' policies and procedures, as well as our understanding of human decisionmaking, are discussed.

This research examines cultural differences in negotiators' responses to persuasive arguments in crisis (hostage) negotiations over time. Using a new method of examining cue-response patterns, the authors examined 25 crisis negotiations in which police negotiators interacted with perpetrators from low-context (LC) or high-context (HC) cultures. Compared with HC perpetrators, LC perpetrators were found to use more persuasive arguments, to reciprocate persuasive arguments in the second half of negotiations, and to respond to persuasive arguments in a compromising way. Further analyses found that LC perpetrators were more likely to communicate threats, especially in the first half of the negotiations, but that HC perpetrators were more likely to reciprocate them. The implications of these findings for our understanding of intercultural interaction are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved).

This research examined the relationship between Linguistic Style Matching-the degree to which negotiators coordinate their word use-and negotiation outcome. Nine hostage negotiations were divided into 6 time stages and the dialogue of police negotiators and hostage takers analyzed across 18 linguistic categories. Correlational analyses showed that successful negotiations were associated with higher aggregate levels of Linguistic Style Matching (LSM) than unsuccessful negotiations. This result was due to dramatic fluctuations of LSM during unsuccessful negotiations, with negotiators unable to maintain the constant levels of rapport and coordination that occurred in successful negotiations. A further analysis of LSM at the local turn-by-turn level revealed complex but organized variations in behavior across outcome. In comparison to unsuccessful negotiations, the dialogue of successful negotiations involved greater coordination of turn taking, reciprocation of positive affect, a focus on the present rather than the past, and a focus on alternatives rather than on competition. Linguistic Style Matching 3 Linguistic Style Matching and Negotiation OutcomeConflict researchers have long been interested in uncovering the communicative dynamics that determine whether or not a negotiation is successful. This interest has particular prominence in crisis negotiation research, where outcome has been shown to relate to differences in relational dynamics (Donohue & Roberto, 1993), behavioral competitiveness (Taylor, 2002a), the reciprocation of offers and arguments (Giebels & Taylor, in press), and many other facets of the interpersonal process. However, to date, research in crisis negotiation has given almost no consideration to the importance of language use. This oversight is significant, not least because the words and phrases that speakers use to negotiate a crisis represent the channel through which instrumental and relational dynamics are played out. Understanding how language use shapes the development of a negotiation is therefore likely to provide significant insights into the interpersonal dynamics of conflict. This paper focuses on one aspect of language use known as linguistic style matching, and considers its role in determining how crisis negotiations unfold and resolve. Linguistic Style Matching (LSM)When two people interact, their utterances are patterned and coordinated, with each individual's cues and responses fitting into a sequence of interconnected events (Auld & White, 1959;Putnam, 1985). In the nonverbal literature, this coordination of actions is considered essential to interaction success. Facial expressions, non-verbal behaviors, kinetics and proxemics have each been shown to coordinate in systematic and organized ways to enhance the communication process (Ellis & Beattie, 1986 Accommodation Theory (Giles & Coupland, 1991), individuals continually adapt their communication behavior to create, maintain or decrease the social distance between themselves and the other party. One strategy that...

Although safety-specific transformational leadership is known to encourage employee safety voice behaviors, less is known about what makes this style of leadership effective. We tested a model that links safety-specific transformational leadership to safety voice through various dimensions of trust. Data from 150 supervisor-employee dyads from the United Kingdom oil industry supported our predictions that the effects of safety-specific transformational leadership are sequentially mediated by affect-based trust beliefs and disclosure trust intentions. Moreover, we found that reliance trust intentions moderated the effect of disclosure: employees' disclosure intentions mediated the effects of affect-based trust on safety voice behaviors only when employees' intention to rely on their leader was moderate to high. These findings suggest that leaders seeking to encourage safety voice behaviors should go beyond "good reason" arguments and develop affective bonds with their employees.

Since its introduction into the field of deception detection, the verbal channel has become a rapidly growing area of research. The basic assumption is that liars differ from truth tellers in their verbal behaviour, making it possible to classify them by inspecting their verbal accounts. However, as noted in conferences and in private communication between researchers, the field of verbal lie detection faces several challenges that merit focused attention. The first author therefore proposed a workshop with the mission of promoting solutions for urgent issues in the field. Nine researchers and three practitioners with experience in credibility assessments gathered for 3 days of discussion at Bar‐Ilan University (Israel) in the first international verbal lie detection workshop. The primary session of the workshop took place the morning of the first day. In this session, each of the participants had up to 10 min to deliver a brief message, using just one slide. Researchers were asked to answer the question: ‘In your view, what is the most urgent, unsolved question/issue in verbal lie detection?’ Similarly, practitioners were asked: ‘As a practitioner, what question/issue do you wish verbal lie detection research would address?’ The issues raised served as the basis for the discussions that were held throughout the workshop. The current paper first presents the urgent, unsolved issues raised by the workshop group members in the main session, followed by a message to researchers in the field, designed to deliver the insights, decisions, and conclusions resulting from the discussions.

Although researchers know much about the causes of aggression, they know surprisingly little about how aggression leads to violence or how violence is controlled. To explore the microregulation of violence, we conducted a systematic behavioral analysis of footage from closed-circuit television surveillance of public spaces. Using 42 incidents involving 312 people, we compared aggressive incidents that ended in violence with those that did not. Behaviors of antagonists and third parties were coded as either escalating or conciliatory acts. Results showed that third parties were more likely to take conciliatory actions than to escalate violence and that this tendency increased as group size increased. This analysis revealed a pattern of third-party behaviors that prevent aggression from becoming violent and showed that conciliatory behaviors are more successful when carried out by multiple third parties than when carried out by one person. We conclude by emphasizing the importance of collective third-party dynamics in understanding conflict resolution.

Based on 27 authentic, videotaped police interviews, we examine how use of different influencing behaviors by police officers impacts on suspects' information provision. Our analysis focuses on variations in cue-response patterns across suspects from cultures that tend to utilize more direct and content-oriented communication (i.e., low-context cultures) and cultures whose communication is typically more indirect and context orientated (i.e., high-context cultures). As expected, rational arguments were more effective in eliciting case-related personal information from low-context suspects compared to high-context suspects. Contrary to our expectations, high-context rather than low-context suspects seemed to respond negatively in terms of explicitly refusing to give information to being kind. Additional analysis considered the effects of two types of intimidating behavior (intimidating the individual versus the context) across the low-/ high-context suspects. Results showed that intimidating the individual was more effective at eliciting case-related personal information from low-context suspects, while intimidating the context appeared to be more effective in eliciting case-related contextual information for high-context suspects.