A key question in moving comprehensive cancer control (CCC) plans into action is, to what extent should the knowledge gained from investments in cancer prevention and control research influence the actions taken by states, tribes, and territories during implementation? Underlying this 'should' is the assumption that evidence-based approaches (i.e., a public health or clinical intervention or policy that has resulted in improved outcomes when scientifically tested), when implemented in a real-world setting, will increase the likelihood of improved outcomes. This article elucidates the barriers and opportunities for integrating science with practice across the cancer control continuum. However, given the scope of CCC and the substantial investment in generating new knowledge through science, it is difficult for any one agency, on its own, to make a sufficient investment to ensure new knowledge is translated and implemented at a national, state, or local level. Thus, if greater demand for evidence-based interventions and increased resources for adopting them are going to support the dissemination initiatives described herein, new interagency partnerships must be developed to ensure that sufficient means are dedicated to integrating science with service. Furthermore, for these collaborations to increase both in size and in frequency, agency leaders must clearly articulate their support for these collaborative initiatives and explicitly recognize those collaborative efforts that are successful. In this way, the whole (in this context, comprehensive cancer control) can become greater than the sum of its parts.

In a 46-site, 5-year high-risk youth substance abuse prevention evaluation, effect sizes were adjusted using a meta-analytic regression technique to project potential effectiveness under more optimal research and implementation conditions. Adjusting effect size estimates to control for the impact of comparison group prevention exposure, service intensity, and coherent program implementation raised the mean effectiveness estimate from near zero (.02, SD = .21) to .24 (SD = .18). This finding suggests that adolescent prevention programs can have significant positive effects under optimal, yet obtainable conditions. EDITORS' STRATEGIC IMPLICATIONS: The authors present a meta-analytic technique that promises to be an important tool for understanding what works in multi-site community-based prevention settings. Researchers will find this to be a creative approach to model the "noise'' in implementation that may often overshadow the potential impact of prevention programs.

This paper examines (1) the relationship between drug involvement among inner-city youths and the commission of other kinds of crime, (2) the role of drug use in crime commission, (3) the connection between crime and drug procurement, and (4) the factors that distinguish between individuals as a function of (a) levels of involvement in drug trafficking and (b) drug usage and criminal activity.Drug use and trafficking were both related to other criminal activities; the type of drug involvement was related to the type of crimes reported. The heaviest users were significantly more likely than nonusers to commit property crimes and drug traffickers were signij?cantly more likely to commit crimes against persons than were respondents who did not sell drugs. Adolescents who used and sold drugs were the most likely to commit crimes against persons and property, and at the greatest rate. Still, for every type of crime reported in the past year, only a minority of offenders The authors express their gratitude to three anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments. Points of view are those of the authors and do not represent the opinion of the Department of Justice. CRIMINOLOGY VOLUME 29 NUMBER 4 1991 589 5 90 House, 1989). The strategy includes plans to toughen efforts aimed at hardcore and casual drug users in a number of ways (e.g., arrest, prosecute, and place them in boot camps; impose civil penalties, such as fines; revoke drivers' licenses; suspend students from schools; publish names in local newspapers); to punish, imprison, and even execute some drug dealers; to educate the public, particularly children and young people; and to treat those who need and seek help. Key domestic elements in the plan are restoring lawful public control of the streets; imposing swift, certain, and sufficiently tough penalties; expanding treatment services; and increasing school and community prevention through education. Clearly being singled out is crack cocaine, which from the standpoint of drug trafficking and use is the drug most closely associated with the disproportionate devastation and violence found in the inner cities. Drug use and drug sales are at issue in the drug control strategy. Each is targeted in part because of its alleged link to other criminal activity. Insofar as the connection between drug use and delinquency is concerned, a longstanding debate on the precise nature and direction of the relationship continues unabated (Clayton, 1981; Elliot et al., 1989; Huizinga et al., 1989;Watters et al., 1985;White et al., 1987). Despite recent data suggesting that substance use bears some connection to the general pattern of delinquency (e.g., Dembo, 1988; Kandel, 1980), there is still no clear consensus on the extent to which drugs cause delinquency, delinquency leads to drug use, or some other explanatory factors precede both delinquency and the onset of drug-related problems. According to Watters et al. (1985), it is frequently the case that cited research supporting the drugcauses-crime hypothesis is either only corre...

The D (dissemination) phase of the ESID model has been often overlooked in our efforts to create innovative and widespread social change. The process of replicating successful social innovations is both a prerequisite for dissemination (in order to assess the consistency of effects) and an obvious outcome of a successful dissemination effort. Fidelity, the extent to which a replicated program is implemented in a manner consistent with the original program model, is an important dimension of replication. This study was designed to provide empirical data related to three questions. Can complex social programs be implemented with fidelity? How much fidelity is appropriate or desired? What are the organizational dynamics of adoption with fidelity? Data were collected from grantees of a national replication initiative funded by the Center for Substance Abuse Prevention. Data suggest that high fidelity can be achieved, at least in the context in which programs are mandated to do so as part of the funding agreement and are given technical assistance in achieving fidelity. Secondly, programs perceived high fidelity as having positive effects on the program and its participants, a finding consistent with a limited assessment of the relationship of program outcomes and fidelity. Finally, much was learned about the human and organizational dynamics of replicating with fidelity. Implications for policy and direction regarding replication are discussed.

The present experiment was designed to readdress the issue of whether or not there are special effects of "personalistic" self-disclosure (Jones & Archer, 1976). Subjects were exposed to a confederate who disclosed at either high or low levels of intimacy, and subsequently learned that the confederate felt that the level of intimacy of her disclosure was determined by 1)her dispositional characteristics, 2) characteristics of the subject, or 3) the situation. The personalism hypothesis predicts that confederates who attribute their disclosing behavior to characteristics of the subject will increase the subject's liking for them when the disclosure is perceived to be at a high level of intimacy, but will decrease the subject's liking/for them when the disclosure is perceived to be at a low level of intimacy. The results supported the personalism hypothesis predictions and are discussed in terms of the contrasting findings of Jones and Archer and the implications of the attributional perspective for understanding self-disclosure phenomena.