Human color vision differs from person to person, not only when color deficiencies occur but also within color‐normal populations. Investigating individual variability in normal color vision is beneficial both for clinical purposes and for quantifying observer metamerism. Researchers have used color matches such as Rayleigh matches, Moreland matches, the D&H color rule, and various combinations of different media for such investigations. However, none of them were originally aimed at investigating the interobserver variability in color‐normal populations, but rather were aimed at screening for color‐deficiencies. The objective of this study was, therefore, to design and carry out a color matching experiment where observer variability appeared as large as possible to detect the interobserver differences in the color‐normal population. Color matching was simulated under different combinations of reference spectrum and matching primaries using ColorChecker patches, different display/projector primaries, and the Stiles and Burch 49 observers. The simulation results showed: (1) The choice of spectra for the matching primaries had a significant effect on observer variability, (2) observer variability was large for near‐neutral reference colors, and (3) observer variability in the lightness direction was small relative to chromatic variability. The color matching experiment highlighting interobserver variability was designed based on these three findings and carried out for 61 color‐normal observers. Typical interobserver variability was 9.2 mean color difference from the mean (MCDM) using CIEDE2000 (spanning about 40 CIELAB units), which was much larger than any previous experiment. The obtained color matching data are useful for derivation, validation, and analysis of color matching functions. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 41, 530–539, 2016
International audienceOne of the basic tenets of conventional applied colorimetry is that the whole population of color normal observers can be represented by a single "standard" observer with reasonable accuracy. The 1964 CIE standard colorimetric observer has indeed served us well in all industrial color imaging applications, until recently. With the proliferation of modern wide-gamut displays with narrow-band primaries, color scientists and engineers face a new challenge. Various recent studies, including those by the current authors, have shown that the color perception on such displays varies significantly among color normal observers. Conventional colorimetry has no means to predict this variation. In this paper, we explore this problem by summarizing the results from an ongoing study, and explain the practical significance of this issue in the context of display applications
Le rôle de la pathologie sur les coûts de production et le revenu des éleveurs est largement évoqué dans la littérature vétérinaire. La plupart des auteurs s’accordent sur cette relation mais les avis sont nettement plus divergents en ce qui concerne l’estimation de l’impact en termes financiers. A l’échelle d’un élevage, lorsqu’il s’agit de maladies bien définies et intervenant sur une période bien délimitée les calculs sont facilités. Il s’agit essentiellement de maladies aigües entraînant une augmentation de la mortalité. Dans le cas de troubles chroniques, les calculs sont plus difficiles. Il y a lieu de prendre en compte des indicateurs de santé appropriés et objectifs. Différentes voies d’approche du coût des maladies du porc sont explorées et des exemples sont présentés. L’attention est attirée sur l’intérêt de l’analyse économique et sur l’intégration de paramètres sanitaires dans la gestion des élevages.
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