Resumo Esse artigo analisa a evolução e a controvérsia do pensamento brasileiro sobre a inflação, desde o início da Segunda Guerra Mundial até a Crise Cambial de 1947. Ao longo desse período, o debate se organiza entre dois polos opositores. De um lado, liberais, como Gudin e Carvalho, argumentavam ser o excesso de demanda, aquecida pelas encomendas das economias em esforço de guerra, a principal causa para a inflação. Do outro, desenvolvimentistas, como Simonsen, Almeida e Menezes, argumentavam haver na economia brasileira enormes excedentes de mão de obra a serem incorporados, e viam com bons olhos a internalização de processos industriais. A inflação seria resultado do contexto de exceção, que encarecia importados, e da insuficiência de crescimento da oferta interna. O debate tem seu clímax na definição de uma estratégia para conter a crise do balanço de pagamentos deflagrada pelo esgotamento das reservas internacionais, em 1947. Houve uma convergência entre autores liberais e desenvolvimentistas, quando ambos apoiaram a restrição de importações como solução para a crise. Essa solução, apesar de seu caráter intervencionista, foi a preferida por ambos os polos opositores, já que permitiria evitar eventuais desvalorizações do cruzeiro, que, naquele contexto, foram entendidas como potenciais agravantes do processo inflacionário. A aceitação de posturas intervencionistas por parte dos liberais abriu espaço para o florescimento e diversificação das análises sobre as particularidades do processo inflacionário brasileiro.
We analyzed Brazil’s development since World War II and especially Presidents Lula and Rousseff’s economic policy by integrating historical and political economy approaches using the concept of “development convention”. Two development conventions have been struggling for hegemony: a pro-growth – state led and a pro-stability – free market convention. Until the 1970s, the “developmentalist” convention was dominant. During the 1980s, a stability convention started to ascend; the rise of neoliberalism reinforced the precedence of stability over growth. In 1999, the macroeconomic tripod – inflation targeting; floating exchange rate; and budget surplus targeting – aligned with the New Consensus on Macroeconomics was adopted. As we argued, it locked economy into a trap: low growth; high interest rates; relatively high inflation; and overvalued currency. Since the 2008 Great Crisis, economic policy has been changing in an attempt to foster growth. For orthodox economists, the tripod was marred or dropped and replaced by a Keynesian policy. For Keynesians, it was hold; it is as if the change had just been a Gattopardo change, a “change that keeps things the same”.
Convolutional neural networks (CNN) are often computationally demanding for mobile devices. Offloading some computation lowers this burden: initial convolutional layers are processed on a smartphone, the resulting high dimensional features are transmitted, and latter layers are processed in the cloud/edge/another device. To improve this process, we propose Dynamic Switch, a convolutional subnetwork enabling anywhere splittable CNNs with multirate feature compression using a single set of network parameters. We achieve 90% feature compression with at most 3% accuracy loss for MobileNet and MSDNet on ImageNet dataset and at most 4.58% on CIFAR100 dataset with MSDNet, ResNet-18, Mo-bileNet/MobileNetv2 and ShuffleNet/ShuffleNetv2.
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