The Patagonian lakes are of glacial origin and some of these are associated with glaciers that generate specific optical properties such as water colorations due to glacier sediments. These lakes also are oligotrophic with a low crustacean zooplankton species number. The aim of the present study was to analyze potential associations between optical properties and zooplankton communities in Tagua Tagua Lake (41°S). The results revealed inverse associations in reflectance of bands 3 and 7 of LANDSAT TM+ with Daphnia ambigua, Mesocyclops araucanus, and nauplius, and direct Neobosmina chilensis and Cyclopoids copepodites, whereas it was inverse relations between bands 5 and 2 with B. gracilipes and calanoid copepodites that make this zooplankton assemblage similar to Nord Patagonian oligomesotrophic lakes. These results would agree with few reports for other similar Patagonian lakes of glacial origin reported for Argentinean and Chilean Patagonia. Nevertheless, it is necessary for more studies to find potential associations between limnological characters and optical properties.

The Patagonian lakes have a glacial origin and some of these are associated with glaciers that generate specific optical properties, such as water colorations due to glacier sediments. These lakes also are oligotrophic with a low crustacean zooplankton species number. The aim of the present study was to analyze potential associations between optical properties and zooplankton communities in General Carrera Lake (46°S). The results revealed inverse associations in reflectance of bands 1, 5, and 7 of LANDSAT TM+ with calanoid copepodites, between band 7 with conductivity, and band 7 with B. michaelseni abundance. Also, we observed direct associations between bands 1-5 with total dissolved solids, meaning that this zooplankton assemblage is similar to north Patagonian oligotrophic lakes. These results would agree with a few reports for other similar Patagonian lakes of glacial origins as reported for Argentinean and Chilean Patagonia. Nevertheless, more studies are necessary for finding potential associations between limnological characters and optical properties.

Antarctic and Subantarctic lakes are unique ecosystems with relatively simple food webs, which are likely to be strongly affected by climate warming. While Antarctic freshwater invertebrates are adapted to extreme environmental conditions, little is known about the factors determining their current distribution and to what extent this is explained by biogeography or climate. We explored the distribution of freshwater crustaceans (one of the most abundant and diverse group of organisms in Antarctic and Subantarctic lakes) across four biogeographic provinces (Continental Antarctic, CA; Maritime Antarctic, MA; Subantarctic islands, SA; and Southern Cool Temperate, SCT) based on the literature, predicting that species distribution would be determined by biogeography, spatial autocorrelation among regions (in relation to dispersal) and climate. We found that variation in species composition was largely explained by the joint effect of spatial autocorrelation and climate, with little effect of biogeography – only regions within the SA province had a clearly distinct species composition. This highlights a plausible main influence of crustacean dispersal – mainly through migratory seabirds – and suggests that some regions will be more affected by climate warming than others, possibly in relation to the existence of nearby sources of colonists.

Tapeworms of zoonotic importance have been described as a leading public health problem. Current research was aim to assess the prevalence of tapeworms among 5-12years school children residing in district Lower Dir, Pakistan from January 2019-December 2019. The wet mount preparation in saline/iodine/methods were used for stool examination. Data was analyzed using appropriate descriptive, static methods. Of the 400 children studied 71.7% were infected with one or more species of intestinal parasites. Single infection of cestode species was found in 69 individuals with 17.2% prevalence and multiple parasitic infections were identified in 19.7% (n=79/400) individuals. The multiple infection were comprised as 10% (n=40) double, 6.75% (n=27) triple and 3% (n=12) quadruple. A total of 9 species of helminths and one species of protozoan infection. Among the helminths Ascaris lumbricoides was the most prevalent 33.1% (n=95), Taenia saginata 22.6% (n=65), hookworm 19.8% (n=57), Hymenolepis nana 18.8% (n=54), Enterobius vermicularis and Hymenolepis diminuta 1.39% (n=4each), Trichuris trichura 1.04% (n=3), Toxocara spp 0.69% (n=2) and Schistosoma japonicum 0.34% (n=1) were reported. One protozoan species was Cryptosporidium spp 0.69% (n=2) in current study. In case of A.lumbricoides, hookworm, E.vermicularis, T.trichura, T.saginata, H.nana and H.diminuta the male children of below 8 years of age were highly infected. Other infections are reported in the same prevalence with slight difference if any. We conclude that there is a need for mass scale campaigns to create awareness regarding health and hygiene in children and the need for development of effective poverty control programs because deworming alone is not adequate to control parasitic infections.

No abstract

The Llanquihue lake is included in the called Araucanian or Nord Patagonian lakes located between 38-41° S. These lakes are characterized by their oligo-mesotrophic status due to human intervention which takes to the increase in nutrients inputs from industries and towns. Effects on zooplankton assemblages are observed with marked increase of daphnids abundance. The aim of the present study is to analyze the trophic status and zooplankton relative abundance in different bays of Llanquihue lake. It was found direct associations between chlorophyll a with daphnids percentage, total dissolved nitrogen with reactive soluble phosphorus nitrogen/phosphorus molar radio with cyclopoids percentage, and an inverse relation between daphnids and calanoids percentages. The occurrence of three kinds of microcrustacean assemblages and environmental conditions was evidenced: the first one with high calanoids percentage, low species number and low chlorophyll and nutrients concentration, a second with moderate chlorophyll and nutrients concentration and moderate daphnids percentage; high species number and a third site with high chlorophyll and nutrients concentration, high daphnids percentage and high species number. Daphnids increase under mesotrophic status, agree with similar results observed for southern Argentinean and New Zealand lakes.

Easter Island constitutes the most isolated terrestrial ecosystem in the Pacific Ocean. The fauna of that site is interesting from a biogeographical point of view because species from Pacific Asia and South America can be found there, as well as endemic species. The aim of the present study was to compile a literature review of published records of marine Crustacea from Easter Island with the emphasis on the heterogeneity in habitats reported for each species. The results confirm the presence of species otherwise known from Pacific Asia, South America, as well as the expected endemic species. In spite of the little information that is generally provided in the habitat records for most species, it may still be possible to find a marked heterogeneity of ecosystems, together generating a complex system that warrants more detailed studies.

Sundarapandian Pattinam and Manamelkudi are two locations situated on the east coast of Tamil Nadu, India (9°40′N 69°20′E), along Palk Strait, the sea channel between India and Sri Lanka, in the Arabian Sea. These sites are located in one of the most productives zones of the world’s oceans and they were sampled from 1 July 2005 to 30 June 2006. The present investigation has been made to study the distribution of planktonic copepods, in particular the occurrence of species in local assemblages, using null-model analysis. The results revealed that copepod assemblages can be considered random for Station I, whereas for Station II the species assemblages observed are not random. Hence, conservational measures are needed to protect the coastline of these two stations from too large an increase in aquacultural practice and an uncontrolled growth of fishery production, both intended for the economic upheaval of the local fishermen’s communities.