An assay recapitulating the 3′ processing activity of HIV-1 integrase (IN) was used to screen the Boehringer Ingelheim compound collection. Hit-to-lead and lead optimization beginning with compound 1 established the importance of the C3 and C4 substituent to antiviral potency against viruses with different aa124/ aa125 variants of IN. The importance of the C7 position on the serum shifted potency was established. Introduction of a quinoline substituent at the C4 position provided a balance of potency and metabolic stability. Combination of these findings ultimately led to the discovery of compound 26 (BI 224436), the first NCINI to advance into a phase Ia clinical trial.

B cell proliferation, cytokine release, and plasmablast differentiation assays CD19 + B cells were isolated from PBMCs of healthy volunteers by negative selection using the B cell purification kit II (Miltenyi Biotec,

BI 224436 is an HIV-1 integrase inhibitor with effective antiviral activity that acts through a mechanism that is distinct from that of integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs). This 3-quinolineacetic acid derivative series was identified using an enzymatic integrase long terminal repeat (LTR) DNA 3=-processing assay. A combination of medicinal chemistry, parallel synthesis, and structure-guided drug design led to the identification of BI 224436 as a candidate for preclinical profiling. It has antiviral 50% effective concentrations (

A cross‐industry survey was conducted to assess the landscape of preclinical quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) modeling within pharmaceutical companies. This article presents the survey results, which provide insights on the current state of preclinical QSP modeling in addition to future opportunities. Our results call attention to the need for an aligned definition and consistent terminology around QSP, yet highlight the broad applicability and benefits preclinical QSP modeling is currently delivering.

The clinically approved cardioprotective agent dexrazoxane (ICRF-187) and two of its hydrolyzed metabolites (a one-ring open form of dexrazoxane and ADR-925) were examined for their ability to protect neonatal rat cardiac myocytes from doxorubicin-induced damage. Dexrazoxane may protect against doxorubicin-induced damage to myocytes through its strongly metal-chelating hydrolysis product ADR-925, which could act by displacing iron bound to doxorubicin or chelating free or loosely bound iron, thus preventing site-specific iron-based oxygen radical damage. The results of this study showed that whereas dexrazoxane was able to protect myocytes from doxorubicin-induced lactate dehydrogenase release, neither of the metabolites displayed any protective ability. Dexrazoxane also reduced apoptosis in doxorubicin-treated myocytes. The ability of dexrazoxane and its three metabolites to displace iron from a fluorescence-quenched trapped intracellular iron-calcein complex was also determined to see whether the metabolites were taken up by myocytes. Although ADR-925 was taken up in the absence of calcium in the medium, in the presence of calcium, its uptake was greatly slowed, presumably because it formed a complex with calcium. Both of the one-ring open metabolites were taken up by myocytes and displaced iron from its complex with calcein. These results suggest either that the anionic metabolites do not have the same access to iron pools in critical cellular compartments, that their uptake is slowed in the presence of calcium, or, less likely, that dexrazoxane protects by some other mechanism.Dexrazoxane (ICRF-187; Zinecard; Fig. 1) is clinically used to reduce doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity (Hasinoff, 1998;Hasinoff et al., 1998). There is now considerable evidence to indicate that this toxicity may be due to iron-dependent oxygen free radical formation (Meyers, 1998) on the relatively unprotected cardiac muscle. Dexrazoxane likely acts by diffusing into the cell and hydrolyzing (Hasinoff, 1994a(Hasinoff, ,b, 1998Hasinoff et al., 1998) to its ring-opened metal ionbinding form, ADR-925 (Fig. 1), which has a structure similar to that of EDTA. ADR-925 may then either remove iron from the iron-doxorubicin complex (Buss and Hasinoff, 1993) (Huang et al., 1982;Diop et al., 2000). Thus, dexrazoxane, which is easily permeable to cells (Dawson, 1975), can be considered a neutral prodrug analog of EDTA.We previously showed in isolated hepatocytes (Hasinoff et al., 1994), in a rat model , and in humans (Schroeder et al., 2003) that dexrazoxane was rapidly metabolized to the one-ring open compounds B and C, and ADR-925 (Fig. 1). This metabolism may be due, in part, to the ability of dihydropyrimidinase, which is present in the liver and kidney, but not the heart, to enzymatically hydrolyze dexrazoxane to B and C, but not to ADR-925 (Hasinoff et al., 1998). We also recently showed that dihydroorotase, which is present in all three of these organs, enzymatically hydrolyzes B and C to ADR-925 but does not act on dexrazoxane...

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The increasing number of technology-dependent infants was the primary determinant in the increase of nosocomial infections. Because these infections occur in a small proportion of infants, understanding the host factors that contribute to this vulnerability is necessary to decrease nosocomial infections in neonatal intensive care units.

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