The aim of this study was to investigate the ameliorative effect of Lawsonia inermis Linn used traditionally against trypanosomosis. Twenty-five adult Wistar rats of both sex were individually infected intraperitoneally (IP) with 106Trypanosoma congolense per ml of blood. Following establishment of infection, the rats were randomly divided into five groups of 5 rats each. Rats in groups I, II, and III were treated with 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg of the extract, respectively, while rats in groups IV and V were treated with 3.5 mg/kg and 2 ml/kg of diminazene aceturate (DM) once and physiological buffered saline, respectively. All treatments except DM were given orally for 7 days IP. The antitrypanosomal effect of the plant was assessed by observing the level of parasitaemia daily, packed cell volume (PCV) weekly, erythrocyte osmotic fragility (EOF) and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration on day 21. Phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, triterpenes, steroids, cardiac glycosides, saponins, tannins and flavonoids. The extract significantly (P < 0.05) reduced levels of parasitaemia at 250 mg/kg. PCV was higher (P > 0.05) in extract treated groups but significantly higher (P < 0.05) in group II at week 2 when compared to group V. Rats in group II had significantly lower values of EOF and MDA when compared with groups IV and V. Thus, the leaf of L. inermis has in addition to an antitrypanosomal effect against T. congolense in rats, an attenuating effect on the trypanosomosis pathology probably mediated via protection of the erythrocyte membrane against trypanosome-induced oxidative damage to the erythrocytes.
ÖzetAntiepileptik ilaçlar (AED), hem insan hem de hayvanlardaki hastalık nöbetlerinin tedavisinde on yıllar boyunca kullanılagelmiştir. Antiepileptik ilaçların farklı türleri mevcuttur ve bu tür ilaçları seçerken geçirilen nöbet çeşidi, ilacın krizi kontrol altına alma hususundaki etkililiği ile kullanılan ilacın masrafı ve yan etkileri dikkate alınır. Epilepsi terapisi, uygun bir antiepileptik ilaç kullanımıyla yürütülen monoterapi şeklinde ya da özellikle dirençli epilepsi vakalarında başvurulan ve iki veya daha fazla antiepileptik ilacın karışımıyla gerçekleştirilen politerapi yöntemiyle uygulanabilir. Antiepileptik ilaçların yan etkileri çeşitlilik arz etmekte olup neredeyse tüm vücut sistemlerini etkiler. Bu değerlendirme, karbamazepin, fenitoin ve bu iki ilacın birleşiminin özellikle Wistar sıçanlarının bilişsel ve nörodavranışsal faaliyetleri üzerindeki yan etkilerini incelemeyi hedeflemektedir. Genel olarak antiepileptik ilaçlarla ilgili ortaya çıkan yan etkiler, ilacın kesilmesine bağlı olarak gözlemlenen ters etki sebebiyle zannedildiği kadar zararlı değildir. Bu değerlendirmede, antiepileptik ilaçların nörodavranışsal aktiviteler üzerindeki etkileriyle ilgili mevcut bilgilere elektronik veri tabanlarından erişilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: karbamazepin, fenitoin, öğrenme, kısa süreli hafıza, hareket kabiliyeti, yetiştirme.
AbstractAntiepileptic drugs (AEDs) have been used for decades in the treatment of seizures in both humans and animals. There are different varieties of AEDs to choose from, the choice of an AED is determined by the seizure type, effectiveness of the drug in controlling seizure, cost and the side effects of the drug used. Epilepsy therapy could be monotherapy, that is, the use of an appropriate AED or polytherapy in which case, two or more AEDs are combined particularly in the case of refractory epilepsy. The side effects of AEDs are diverse and affect virtually all the systems of the body. This review is aimed at studying the side effects associated with the administration of carbamazepine, phenytoin and their combination on cognition and neurobehavioural generally, particularly in Wistar rats. Generally, the side effects of AEDs observed are not so detrimental because the discontinuation of the drugs usually cause a reverse of the effects observed. For this review, available informations on the effects of antiepileptic drugs on neurobehavioural activities were accessed from electronic databases.
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