O queijo é um dos alimentos mais comuns na dieta humana, compondo, geralmente, a alimentação de todas as classes sociais, desde os primórdios da humanidade. No entanto, produtos derivados do leite, em especial os queijos são considerados um veículo frequente de patógenos, principalmente os produzidos de maneira artesanal, sem os devidos cuidados de higiene e das boas práticas de manipulação. Nesse contexto, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade físico-química e microbiológica de queijo minas frescal produzido artesanalmente e por laticínios da região de Presidente Prudente – São Paulo. Um total de 20 amostras de queijos foram coletadas na mesma semana em diferentes supermercados e local que comercializa informalmente o produto: Laticínio A (n=5); Laticínio B (n=5); Laticínio C (n=5) e Artesanal (fabricados artesanalmente por feirantes da região de Presidente Prudente; n=5). Após a coleta, as amostras foram encaminhadas para o laboratório para a realização das seguintes análises: pH, cor, análise de textura, composição centesimal e microbiológicas. De acordo com os resultados, houve diferença no pH, na intensidade de vermelho, dureza, mastigabilidade, teor de proteína, bactérias mesófilas, psicrotróficas e enterobactérias entre os tratamentos (P<0,05). Além disso, houve variação dos valores médios da maioria das variáveis analisadas comparada aos valores propostos pela literatura e legislação. Conclui-se que os queijos artesanais obtiveram coloração mais escura, maior dureza e qualidade microbiológica inferior em função da data de fabricação quando comparado aos queijos produzidos de forma industrial.
Integrated crop-livestock-forest system appears as strategy to reduce pasture recovery costs and diversify farmer’s income with the sale of the wood of eucalyptus trees. The objective of this work was to evaluate the animal performance and economic viability of systems without shade availability (ICL: Integrated Crop-Livestock) and with two tree densities (ICLF-1L: Integrated Crop-Livestock-Forest, 196 trees ha-1; ICLF-3L: Integrated Crop-Livestock-Forest, 448 trees ha-1). Sixty castrated Nellore cattle were used to evaluate performance during rearing and finishing. For economic analysis, the cash receipts, cash outflow, cash flow, net cash flow and internal rate of return (IRR) were evaluated between December 2012 and June 2016. The performance of the animals was lower in ICLF-3L system (P<0.05) due to the higher density of trees, and consequently, greater shading of the pasture. In ICL and ICLF-1L systems, the revenue from soybean and corn fully paid for the costs of implementing the systems, and ICLF-1L still covered the cost of forest deployment. In ICLF-3L, the costs were almost completely covered. The reduction in the productive indices also reduced the revenue from the slaughter of cattle in ICLF-3L, with the highest revenue in ICL and ICLF-1L, respectively. In addition, the IRR in ICL and ICLF-1L was higher. ICLFs contribute to the amortization of the recovery costs of the pastures and the implantation of eucalyptus. The ICL and ICLF-1L is more economically viable tham ICFL-3L until the fourth year of implementation.
Residues that could be discarded and transformed in high biological value protein is a measure of environmental preservation combined with the sustainability of animal production. This study evaluated the effects of the addition of passion fruit seed oil (PFSO) on broiler diet under the resistance of skin, physical-chemical characteristic, fatty acid profile and lipid oxidation (under storage) of breast meat obtained from these animals. There was improvement in the condition of skin rupture and meat tenderness; apart from that, oxidative reactions decreased, as PFSO was added to the diet (P<0.05). On the other hand, no effect on colour, pH, water retention capacity and weight loss on cooking (P>0.05) was observed. There was a linear effect increasing only for the margaric (C17:0) and cis10-Heptadecanoic (C17:1; P<0,05) fatty acids. However, due to the low amount of these fatty acids in PFSO, the found content was still low in all evaluated treatments. However, the evaluated levels did not contribute to the increase of the polyunsaturated fatty acid profile (P>0.05). Thus, it can be concluded that PFSO improves the resistance of broiler skin, which becomes softer and less susceptible to oxidative effects due to the oil’s antioxidant action, suggesting that it may be an ingredient that brings substantial benefits in the poultry industry.
O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a alteração dos atributos de qualidade da carne bovina armazenadas em embalagens com baixa permeabilidade ao oxigênio (BP) e alta permeabilidade ao oxigênio (AP) mantidas em freezer com dois tipos de lâmpadas, Led e Fluorescente (Fluo). Quinze amostras do músculo Longissimus lumborum foram divididas em quatro partes e embaladas a vácuo em embalagem BP ou AP e acondicionadas sob dois tipos de iluminação (Led e Fluo), por 60 dias, à temperatura de -18ºC. Foram avaliados: cor da carne, pH, oxidação lipídica, bactérias mesófilas, psicotróficas e enterobactérias. As análises foram realizadas na desossa e após a exposição aos tratamentos (BP-Led, BP-Fluo, AP-Led e AP-Fluo). Todos os tratamentos apresentaram maior contagem de bactérias mesófilas aeróbias e psicrotróficas, que a carne no momento da desossa. O pH foi menor na carne desossada em relação aos demais tratamentos, para H* maiores valores foram encontrados nas embalagens AP. A oxidação lipídica foi semelhante entre a carne da desossa e o tratamento BP-Led, os demais tratamentos apresentaram maior oxidação lipídica, que a carne no momento da desossa. Maiores valores de psicrotróficos foram encontrados para embalagens AP e luz fluorescente. O tratamento BP-Led demostrou menor valor de oxidação lipídica que, BP-Fluo, AP-Led, AP-Fluo. Conclui-se que a descoloração da carne é menor nas embalagens com baixa permeabilidade ao oxigênio independente o tipo de luz utilizada durante o armazenamento. A associação entre a embalagem BP e a luz Led mostram melhores resultados microbiológicos e menor oxidação lipídica, proporcionando melhor qualidade da carne após o armazenamento.
This study characterizes the changes in leaf mass, morphological composition and nutritional value of leaf blades of palisadegrass (Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu) under continuous grazing in the first year of implementation of pasture and after second year of the eucalyptus planting in an Integrated Crop-Livestock System and Integrated Crop-Livestock-Forest, which were tested in the four seasons. The experimental design was in random blocks, with three treatments: Crop-Livestock System (ICL) and Integrated Crop-Livestock-Forest with two eucalyptus tree densities (ICLF-1L, 196 eucalyptus trees ha-1 and ICLF-3L, 448 eucalyptus trees ha-1) and four replicates. Sixty castrated Nellore cattle with initial weight of 235.43 ± 25.46 kg and mean age of 16 ± 2.81 months were used during the growing phase under continuous grazing. The agronomic variables were: total dry mass of forage, leaves, stem and dead material; leaf: stem and live: senescent material ratios; and accumulation rate. The leaf: stem and live: senescent material relation did not obtain any difference between the evaluated systems. Dry matter, crude protein, fiber fractions and digestibility of leaf blades were evaluated. Dry mass of the forage (6775 kg ha-1), stem (2175 kg ha-1), senescent material (3175 kg ha-1) and dry matter content (28.6%) were greater in the ICL, whereas crude protein (11.3%) was greater in the ICLFs. On the other hand, accumulation rate and dry mass of leaf blades did not change between systems. Thus, until the first year of grazing, tree systems have advantages, because the forage production (accumulation rate) and leaf mass are similar to those of plants in full sun, besides showing higher nutritional value.
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