Objectives/Scope The Mishrif reservoir in the Rumaila field is one of the largest carbonate oil reservoir in the world. The reservoir exhibits heterogeneity from good grainstones to poor lagoonal mudstones, with the presence of thin high permeability layers containing vuggy porosity. Since 1973, the Mishrif Reservoir went through several production phases which indicated lack of pressure support. Line-drive waterflooding presented risks of bypassed oil, low sweep efficiency and high residual saturations due to reservoir heterogeneity leading to low recovery. Methods, Procedures, Process The reservoir development has been modified from a line-drive towards a progressive pattern-flood to mitigate key uncertainties and risks for improved oil recovery. After a field trial, large scale water injection in the North of the reservoir began in 2014. This is achieved by utilizing existing infrastructure, converting some existing Producers to Injectors and carefully reactivating existing well-stock following the water injection response. A drilling campaign is planned to complete the inverted 9 Spot pattern, combined with the gradual upgrading of existing facilities. This will be followed by a 5-Spot pattern depending upon drainage and sweep performance. Results, Observations, Conclusions The results to-date are promising with a successful ramp up of production from ~150mbd to +400mbd from +200 active wells while successfully maintaining reservoir pressure above saturation pressure with current water injection of over 400mbd. In order to optimise the full field development and effectively mitigate by-passed oil and poor sweep efficiency risks, the sweep patterns must be properly understood across the various reservoir layers and areas. As the production and injection ramp-up continues, water injection priority is being continuously optimized along with reservoir surveillance with specific focus on monitoring reservoir pressure and water-cut trends in the producers to understand sweep and drainage across this giant reservoir. This will need to be complemented with the well conformance through a well thought out completion strategy and effective water shut-offs. The development plan is estimated to achieve an aerial sweep efficiency of ~75% in the most developed water flood patterns by 2035. Novel/Additive Information In addition to the production ramp-up, progressing pattern-flood and waterflood management, future development options are being evaluated. This involves fully utilizing learnings from the reservoir performance to-date and further developing deeper understanding of this world-class carbonate reservoir using new technology to further enhance production and recovery in more challenging reservoir quality areas.
The objective of this work was to create an integrated model of the F4U, F4L, F5, F67, F8, H12 and H3U,L clastic reservoirs, within the Lower Miocene Oficina Formation of the Oritupano B field (Eastern Venezuela Basin) in order to evaluate different development alternatives for these reservoirs. Based on the 3D seismic data reinterpretation, a new model was developed integrating new structural data and sequence stratigraphy as well as defining the different depositional sequences. A new sedimentological interpretation and stratigraphic framework from correlations and two available cores were used to determine the main sedimentary bodies and trends of deposition. The static model was developed using geostatistical techniques and incorporating the new structural and sedimentological models as well as the available petrophysical data. Stochastic simulations were performed in order to obtain the areal and vertical properties distribution for the different deposits. The results showed consistency with the depositional model previously defined. Two numerical simulation models were created: a stochastic model, based on the results of the geostatistical analysis, and a deterministic model, based on the new conventional static model. Both simulations yielded similar results. The adjustment of the static/dynamic models allowed the determination of oil reserves associated with these reservoirs and the refinement of the optimal exploitation strategy. The new geological model indicates that the main structural features of the field are normal faults and extensional reverse drag folds, unlike the preexisting model in which a gentle homocline structure was suggested. A SW-NE depositional trend for the erosive channels and NW-SE depositional trend for coastal bars, parallel to the paleocoastline, were determined. In addition, four depositional sequences were defined formed by transgressive and highstand systems tracts. Both, the stochastic and the deterministic model suitably represent the dynamic behavior of the studied reservoirs. The communication between the F-H sands of the up-thrown block, with the A9-A13 sands of the down-thrown block, was demonstrated through both dynamic models, which also improved the characterization of the aquifers within the reservoirs. Based on the results of this study, 3 new vertical wells and 5 additional workover wells were recommended. It is expected that these wells will increase the recovery factor of the F-H sands by 12 %. Introduction The Oritupano B field is a part of the Oritupano-Leona Block, located in the Eastern Venezuela Basin. The field was discovered in 1954 with the drilling of the well ORM-1. The F67 sand reservoirs were discovered in 1970 with the completion of well ORM-8. These sands constitute the most important reservoirs of the field. The F-H sands are associated to large and active aquifers that constitute the main production mechanism. Oil gravity ranges between 15 and 18°API and Productivity Index between 18 and 20 bbl/d/psi. Estimated STOOIP for these reservoirs is 106 MMbbl, with cumulative production of 23,5 MMbbl and cumulative Recovery Factor of 22.1%. The existing geological model for the field consists of a gentle homocline, dipping to the north at an angle of 3 to 6 degrees. The structure is limited by three E-W main normal faults, fault planes dipping 35 to 40 degrees to the South. Throws vary from 50 to 550 ft. There are some secondary faults of very low vertical displacement. They run parallel to the main fault and are associated to the main system. The sedimentological model indicates the predominance of a fluvial deltaic sedimentation environment with facies associated to erosive channels and coastal bars deposits.
En este trabajo se ha aplicado la metodología de la prospección geoquímica al estudio y caracterización de los modelos de dispersión de cuatro metales pesados (cadmio, plomo, cobre y zinc) en el cauce alto del río Huerva (Cordillera Ibérica, España).Con este propósito se recogieron y analizaron doscientas once muestras de sedimento a lo largo de la zona de cabecera de este río. Los resultados analíticos obtenidos, tras recibir un tratamiento estadístico clásico, fueron interpretados para describir las características fundamentales de sus modelos de dispersión y, finalmente, identificar las fuentes principales de aporte anómalo de estos elementos al cauce del río Huerva.Las observaciones realizadas muestran la existencia de fuentes de aporte múltiples y complejas, entre las que destacan las relacionadas con la presencia y actividad antrópica. Sin embargo, el sistema parece poseer una buena capacidad de autodepuración natural para el cadmio, el plomo, el cobre y el zinc.Palabras clave: Sedimentos fluviales, dispersión de metales pesados, anomalía geoquímica, río Huerva. ABSTRACTIn this paper, the methodology of geochemical prospecting has been applied to the study of the scattering of cadmium, lead, cooper and zinc in the upper part of the Huerva river (Iberian Range, Spain).With this purpose two hundred and eleven samples of river sediments were collected along the upper part of the river. The analytical data, after being statistically processed, were interpreted with the aim of approaching to the main features of the models of scattering and to infer the main anomalous sources of these heavy metals to the channel.The results of this study prove the existence of multiple, complex sources, with the remarcable presence of sources related to the human presence and activity. However, the system seems to have a good ability to depurate itself.Key words: River sediments, heavy metals' dispersion, geochemical anomaly, Huerva river. IntroducciónEn los últimos años; el interés por la problemáti-ca medioambiental ha experimentado un extraordinario auge y, con ello, todas las ramas científicas han ampliado sus aplicaciones al estudio, caracterización y gestión del patrimonio natural.En este estudio se aplican los principios generales de la metodología clásica de prospección geoquími-ca al estudio del nivel de degradación de un curso fluvial, caracterizando la extensión y causas de esta degradación. Para alcanzar este propósito se ha escogido la cuenca del río Huerva (Cordillera Ibéri-ca, España) en su zona de cabecera donde, a priori, el nivel de degradación debe ser menor que en el curso inferior.Características de la zona de estudio La zona de estudio se sitúa en la cuenca del río Huerva (Zaragoza, España) que constituye una
Se han estudiado las concreciones carbonatadas que aparecen en los materiales detríticos de la Formación Rodanas (Devónico superior), en las proximidades de la localidad zaragozana de Tabuenca. Las concreciones se localizan entre capas alternantes de lutitas y limolitas, y están compuestas por calcita, minerales arcillosos (caolinita principalmente), cuarzo, feldespatos y restos fósiles. El cemento está constituido por calcita con textura micrítica-microesparítica, y su contenido decrece hacia la parte externa de las concreciones. Este decrecimiento se asocia al rango de aporte de carbonato y a la porosidad existente en el sedimento. La nucleación y distribución de estas estructuras dentro de los sedimentos vienen controladas por la distribución de conchas, ya que los componentes constituyentes del cemento provienen de la disolución de las conchas aragoníticas. El crecimiento de las concreciones finaliza cuando la fuente de carbonato es consumida.
[Recibido en enero de 2013, aceptado en abril de 2013] En este trabajo se presenta una propuesta didáctica destinada a favorecer el acercamiento de los alumnos a una de las técnicas más habituales empleadas para el estudio de las rocas, sedimentos y minerales: la microscopía de luz polarizada. Para conseguir este objetivo, se proporciona a los alumnos un mínimo de conocimientos teóricos que les permite trabajar en grupos notablemente autónomos e identificar algunos de los componentes más frecuentes en distintos tipos de rocas y sedimentos. Con esta actividad, se familiariza a los estudiantes con algunas de las propiedades empleadas en microscopía óptica y con las propiedades de los propios componentes rocosos, y se proporcionan unas herramientas que facilitan el acercamiento a esta faceta del trabajo científico.Palabras clave: Microscopía de luz polarizada; Rocas; Minerales, Lámina delgada. Rocks under the microscope: an approach to the study of thin sections of minerals and rocksIn this work, a didactic proposal is presented, aimed at favoring the contact of the students with one of the most usual techniques for the study of rocks, sediments and minerals: polarized light microscopy. With this purpose, a minimal set of theoretical basis is presented to the students, which allows them to work fairly autonomously and to identify some of the most frequent components in different rock and sediment types. By means of this activity, the students become familiar with some of the light properties and also with some of the mineral properties currently used in microscopy, encouraging their contact with this type of scientific work.Keywords: Polarized light microscopy; rocks; minerals; thin sections. IntroducciónLos minerales constituyen un tema fundamental en cualquier nivel de enseñanza obligatoria, tanto por razones de tipo teórico-práctico como por razones didácticas. Son los materiales de los que está formada la parte inerte de la Tierra, los que soportan los diferentes procesos geológicos y también son la materia prima a partir de la cual se fabrican la mayoría de los objetos cotidianos. Por ello, constituyen un tema recurrente en la enseñanza en Primaria y en Secundaria. Trabajar con estos materiales, sus usos y su origen permite una aproximación a las Ciencias de la Tierra desde lo cotidiano y de forma global.En esta actividad se proporciona a los alumnos un primer contacto con los procedimientos y fundamentos teóricos empleados para la identificación y estudio de minerales, rocas y sedimentos mediante el microscopio petrográfico. De esta manera, los estudiantes se enfrentan a una perspectiva nueva para ellos sobre las propiedades de la luz y de los propios minerales y, además, experimentan un acercamiento a esta faceta del trabajo científico del geólogo.Aunque este tipo de trabajo con el microscopio petrográfico es habitual en los estudios universitarios relacionados con la Geología, su desarrollo con alumnos de enseñanza
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