Background: Inflammation, Infections, occupational diseases and neoplastic lesions are common in lungs. In Autopsy internal organs including lungs are studied to decide cause of death and figure out prevalence of various lung lesions. So, prophylactic prevention plan can be prepared for prevention of various lung lesions induced mortality and reducing need for invasive biopsy as well. Aim & objective: To find out frequency of various lung lesions in relation to age and sex and analyze histopathological spectrum of lung lesions. Material & Methods: Non interventional, record based cross sectional, retrospective autopsy study was done on 139 cases of lung autopsy samples at department of pathology of tertiary care hospital, Bhavnagar, Gujarat for 2 years on samples received from January 2016 to January 2018. Lungs were fixed in 10% formalin & processed. Paraffin wax embedding was done & sections stained with H&E stain. Gross and microscopic examination of samples done and diagnosis was done. All findings were recorded and tabulated. Conclusion: Pneumonia is most common observed pathological lung lesion in our study which suggest that infections of lungs are common cause for mortality. Therefore, we suggest effective implementation of measures to prevent hospital acquired pneumonia may reduce mortality. Smoking was associated in nearly 70% patients. Autopsy study of such lung lesions can provide vision to plan preventive strategy to reduce mortality due to lung pathology.
Oral squamous cell carcinoma is associated with severe morbidity, recurrence of tumor, and reduced survival rate despite advances in treatment. Perineural invasion (PNI) is associated with neurotropic malignancy. PNI is due to the tropism of cancer cells toward nerve bundles in tissue. The aim of this literature review is to study the definition, patterns of PNI, Prognostic and therapeutic significance, and mechanism of PNI along with a molecular insight into oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma. Liebig type A pattern defines PNI as the presence of tumor cells within the peripheral nerve sheath & infiltration into the epineurium, perineurium, or endoneurium. Liebig type B pattern defines PNI as a tumor encircling at least 33% of a nerve. Few studies demonstrated an association between PNI and cervical metastasis which indicate poor prognosis. A higher level of expression of nerve growth factor and tyrosine kinase is associated with PNI in OSCC which can be considered as a biomarker of PNI. PNI needs to be studied in detail as it is associated with the aggressiveness of the tumor and decreased survival.
During development and environmental stresses, plants experience genome-wide epigenetic alterations that are typically associated with differentiation in transcriptional gene expression. An epigenome is the aggregate of a cell's biochemical modifications in its nuclear DNA, post-translational changes in histones, and differences in non-coding RNAs' biogenesis. Differences in gene expression that take place without any change in the underlying nucleotide sequence are frequently caused by these changes. Chromatin remodelling that can epigenetically dictate particular transcriptional outputs and change the function/activity of the genome include post-transcriptional histone modifications, variations in histone proteins, DNA methylation, and activity of non-coding RNA. Epigenetic marks have a significant impact on how plants respond to environmental challenges, and recent developments in the field of major crop "-omics" have made it easier to identify these marks. The phenotypic plasticity of the organism is impacted by the epigenomic alterations, which are dynamic in response to any endogenous and/or external stimuli. After the stress is withdrawn, both changes in gene expression and epigenetic alterations may quickly return to their pre-stress states. Few epigenetic alterations, which have been related to acclimatisation, adaptation, and the evolutionary process, might be retained, though. For better use of genetic resources, epigenome engineering may be used to improve plants' ability to withstand stress. In this chapter, we have outlined recent epigenetic studies that may be crucial for enhancing crop resilience and adaptation to environmental changes, ultimately resulting in the development of stable climate-smart crops.
Introduction: Autoimmune hemolytic anemia characterized by production of antibodies that attach to Red cells resulting in their destruction causing anemia. AIHA could be primary or secondary to some other cause. The positive DCT is hallmark for diagnosis of AIHA. Aim of Study: To perform clinical and hematological study of AIHA and from available data to derive necessary conclusion for accurate diagnosis of AIHA. Material and Methods: The prospective study was carried out in blood bank at tertiary care hospital in positive DCT cases from suspected AIHA cases. The detail history was taken, clinical presentation studied and necessary laboratory investigations like peripheral smear examination, Reticulocyte count, Serum bilirubin, Serum LDH etc done and all data tabulated and conclusion was made for diagnosing AIHA accurately. DCT was performed both manually and using gel card technology. Conclusion: Females and age group between 20 to 30 have more predilections for developing AIHA. Secondary cases are more common and severity of presentation was aggressive in primary cases as compared to secondary. Such type of study helpful in diagnosis AIHA accurately and delay in treatment can be avoided and awareness can be created .
Objective: This study aimed to correlate the modified fluorescence stain method and conventional ZN method with routine cytology findings on lymph node aspirates for the detection of AFB in suspected cases of tuberculous lymphadenitis. Material and Methods: After adequate fine needle aspiration, aspirates were examined for cytology diagnosis, studied with Ziehl-Neelsen and Auramine-rhodamine Fluorescent stain. Cytological findings, ZN stain observations and grading were compared with fluorescent stain grading. Result: In the present study, 36 cases were reported positive by fluorescent staining method for M. tuberculosis. Out of 43 granulomatous lymphadenitis cases diagnosed by FNAC, 29 cases were reported positive for acid fast bacilli by Z-N staining. 11 cases were found as false negative (22%). Sensitivity and specificity of Z-N method was found to be 70.27% and 76.92% respectively. And for cytological method it was 96.77% and 31.57% respectively. Conclusion: There are problems in arriving at an absolute diagnosis in certain cases of tuberculous lymphadenitis when the aspirate shows polymorphous picture with occasional epithelioid cells and absence of typical Langhans giant cell or caseous necrosis. Microscopy has many advantages when it comes to speed & feasibility, its sensitivity could be improved by adjuvant methods.
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