The ability of biofilm formation in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) causes significant mortality and morbidity in wound infections. Nanoparticles because of the drug concentration increment at the point of contact of nanoparticles and bacteria, and slower release of the drug at the desired location are considered as proper tools to overcome the therapeutic problem of antimicrobial-resistant infections. This study was aimed to evaluate the anti-biofilm activity of cefazolin-loaded nanoparticles against MRSA isolates. The 27 clinical isolates of MRSA were collected from patients with pressure sores and diabetic ulcers referred to Loghman Hospital in Tehran—Iran. MRSA isolates were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and biochemical tests. Cefazolin-loaded niosome was synthesized using the thin-film hydration method and were characterized by zeta potential measurement and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The round-shaped cefazolin-loaded niosomes had a diameter of 100 nm and a −63 mV zeta potential. The cefazolin-containing niosomes removed 1, 3, and 5 d old biofilms at the concentration of 128 µg ml−1, 128 µg ml−1, and 256 µg ml−1, respectively. Histological results indicated that BALB/c mice receiving cefazolin-loaded niosomes were treated effectively faster than those treated by cefazolin or untreated group. In conclusion, the cefazolin-loaded niosome could be considered as a promising candidate for the treatment of biofilm-mediated infections of MRSA.
Today, the telecommunication and IT technology widely have been used in medical and related sciences. Communication sciences provide an ability in medical service to the centers where that geographically isolated from each other. Hence, telecommunication antennas have significant role in sending telemedicine's information at real-time. In this paper an initiated antenna for development of patch antenna characteristics has been discussed and analyzed. More over different thickness of dielectric substrate was used and the effect of it such as bandwidth, gain, return loss and Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) have been compared and showed in the table. The proposed antenna operates at 2.45 GHz for telemedicine applications. The simulation process has been done through High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS).
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