Landfill leachate is mainly the result of precipitation of water into the layers of buried waste, and biochemical reactions of waste that has dangerous substances and pollutants that lead to the contamination of surface and groundwater resources. Therefore, it must be collected and treated properly. The investigation of various biological methods in leachate treatment, their advantages and disadvantages, and their effect on reduction of COD (chemical oxygen demand) are the objectives of this study. Reviewed processes include anaerobic and aerobic sequencing batch reactor, up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket, moving-bed biofilm reactor, membrane bioreactor, and aerated lagoons, lead to reduction of biodegradability pollutants in different circumstances. The present study has indicated that the most and the least reduction of COD has been through aerated lagoon (95%) and moving-bed biofilm reactor (8%), respectively.
Today, the use of risk assessment methods in various industries is expanding so that there are currently more than 70 types of different risk assessment methods in the world. These methods are usually used to identify, control and reduce the consequences of risks. The main methods of risk assessment are appropriate methods for risk assessment and their results can be used for management and decision-making to control and reduce its consequences. The purpose of this study is to identify and evaluate the risks to safety, health and the environment and to provide proposed and corrective solutions to reduce or eliminate HSE risks using the HAZID method. This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed for 4 months to identify the risks. For this purpose, a list of possible safety, health and environmental risks was prepared and the risk was evaluated by HAZID technique. In total, 5.15% of the identified risks are unacceptable, 20.62% are undesirable, 50.51% are acceptable, but 23.72% of the need for revision is minor. The results of this research include the implementation of measures such as safety training - professional training - inspection monitoring system - personnel safety management - preventive maintenance system management and forming a safety audit team - establishing regular House Keeping programs, etc. in identifying and Controls identified risks.
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