Biking has proven health, environmental and traffic benefits. To prevail biking at community infrastructures and "Bicycle Sharing Systems (BSS)" have been developed, but their effectiveness is dependent on people's attitudes and perceptions. We aim to investigate attitudes of people toward biking and related infrastructures with regard to demographic factors in Mashhad, Iran-a metropolis with unsuccessful BSS. The present work was conducted as a cross-sectional study at Mashhad, Iran, in 2015. In a multistage sampling, adult inhabitants were selected and data about their perceptions of benefits and barriers of biking were collected through a researcher-designed questionnaire. Of 437 study participants with a mean (±SD) age of 29.9 (±11.3) years, 250 (57.3%) were female. Only 3 (0.7%) of respondents used bikes. Positive attitudes were significantly associated with gender, marital status and occupation of participants. Car ownership was accompanied by higher perceptions of "tiredness of biking"(p=0.02), its "low safety" (p=0.02) and "time wasting" (p=0.01). According to the results, cultural interventions are needed for biking promotion regardless of their socioeconomic status. Educational programs at academic settings are also valuable. Safety, convenience, and affordability of different groups of populations (like elderly and deprived people) should be regarded during designing and constructing biking infrastructures and setting participation rules.
Introduction: In this study we investigated epidemiology and trends of primary lung cancers in northeast of Iran during 1985-2012. Methods: In this cross-sectional study records of primary lung cancers from 1985 to 2012 in Mashhad, northeast of Iran, were investigated. Data were obtained from the referral oncologic hospital and private radiation oncology clinic. To study trends, the duration of study was categorized into three periods: 1985-1995, 1995-2005 and 2005-2012. Statistically significant level was considered <0.05. Results: Of 939 cases with mean age of 60.57 (±12.31) years, 660(70.3%) were male. Male to female ratio was 2.36. Mean age was 61.47±12.01 years for males and 58.45±12.75 for females (p=0.001). Mean age at diagnosis and rate of smokers was unchanged in three intervals (table 1). Time period1985-19951995-20052005-20012P valueAge(years)60.67±11.7460.57±12.2460.49±12.940.98Gender:Male167(78.4)330(68.6)163(66.5)0.01female46(21.6)151(31.4)82(33.5Male to female ratio3.632.181.99Smoking history:Yes69(76.7)211(67.8)100(65)0.15no21(23.3)100(32.2)54(35)Smokers:Male59(85.5)159(75.4)74(74)0.16Female10(14.5)52(24.6)26(26)Male-to-female ratio of smokers5.93.062.84 Squamous cell carcinoma with relative frequency of 44.2% was the most frequent pathologic subtype in total population followed by adenocarcinoma (18.2%), Small Cell Lung cancer (16.8%), large Cell carcinoma (1.3%) and other subtypes (19.5%). Relative frequency of pathologic subtypes had significant changes in three intervals (p <0.001). Relative frequency of adenocarcinoma and large cell carcinoma were increasing while it was decreasing for SCC and SCLCs during three recent decades. There was statistically significant difference in mean age at diagnosis (p<0.001), rate of smokers (p<0.001) and male to female ratio (p=0.01) between four leading pathologic subtypes. Mean age at diagnosis (55.92±12.90 years), male to female ratio (1.69), and rate of smokers (46.8%) were lowest in adenocarcinomas. Conclusion: Similar to universal picture, adenocarcinoma showed increasing rates during recent three decades with higher prevalence among younger aged patients, women and nonsmokers. These trends are indicative of changes in exposures and smoking habits and reveal the need for regional studies in this context. Citation Format: Maryam Salehi, Pardis Shojaee, Soodabeh Shahidsales, Seyed Amir Aledavood, Mehdi Seilaniantoosi, Golboo Goshayeshi, Fahimeh Khoshroo. Epidemiology of primary lung cancer and its trend northeast of Iran during 1985-2012 [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 263. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-263
Aims: Patients with Cystic Fibrosis (CF) have increased risk of malnutrition. Early detection of nutritional deterioration enables prompt intervention and correction. The aims of this project were to define the nutritional status of CF patients in Iran and New Zealand, compare and contrast the McDonald Nutritional Risk Screening (NRS) tool with the Australasian Guidelines for Nutrition in Cystic Fibrosis, and validate these results with each patient's evaluation by their CF clinical team. Methods: Children with CF (2-18 years) were assessed during routine outpatient visits over one year. Anthropometric measurements were obtained. Both tools were applied and the results compared to their clinical evaluation (as gold standard) with calculation of specificity and sensitivity. Results: Under-nutrition was seen more frequent in the 33 Iranian children than in the 36 New Zealand (NZ) patients (39% versus 0%, p=0.0001), whereas over-nutrition was more prevalent in NZ children (9% versus 17%, p=0.05). At the first visit, both guidelines were able to recognize 77% and 61% of under-nourished Iranian patients, respectively. The mean sensitivity and specificity for all visits for the McDonald tool were 83% & 73% (Iran) and 65% & 86% (NZ). Sensitivity and specificity for the Australasian guidelines were 79% & 79% (Iran) and 70% & 90% (NZ). Conclusions: Both tools successfully recognised patients at risk of malnutrition. The McDonald tool had comparable sensitivity and specificity to that described previously, especially in Iranian patients. This tool may be helpful in recognizing at risk CF patients, particularly in developing countries with fewer resources.
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