A series of experiments were carried out to investigate the behavior of cementstabilized fiber-reinforced clay with different cement and fiber contents. Three groups of tests were conducted, on: (1) reinforced samples with four different fiber contents (0.5%, 0.75%, 1% and 1.25%); (2) cement-stabilized samples with three different cement contents (5%, 8% and 10%); and (3) cement-stabilized, fiber-reinforced samples with the same fiber contents as the uncemented reinforced samples. Unconfined compression tests (UCT) were carried out on the uncemented samples. These UCT tests were also conducted on the cement-stabilized samples with and without fiber inclusions after 3, 7, 14 and 28 days of curing time. The results indicated that the inclusion of fibers within uncemented and cement-stabilized soil caused an increase in the unconfined compressive strength and axial strain at failure, and changed the brittle behavior of the cementstabilized soil to a more ductile behavior. It was also shown that the mechanical characteristics of the soil-cement-fiber mixtures are functions of fiber content and curing time.
Context: One of the main types of nasal deformity is unilateral cleft lip/palate, which affects the process of breathing and smelling. It is supposed that nasoalveolar molding (NAM) has a positive effect on the reduction of the tension in lips and helps to simplify or even eliminate the subsequent orthodontic treatment. Objective: This systematic review of papers focused on the effectiveness of NAM in patients with unilateral cleft lip/palate. Data Sources: The web search of Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, and Medline databases Study Selection: The identification of 1282 articles published up to 2018. The selected papers were screened based on the eligibility criteria after the thorough investigation of the titles and abstract. In the next step, article inconsistent with our objectives were removed from the current study. Afterward, the papers were thoroughly studied and data related to our study goals were extracted and recorded in predetermined extraction forms. After the full-text evaluation of the articles, results in the selection of 22 articles. Data Extraction: The search process was performed by the following keywords in combination with nasoalveolar molding or pre-surgical nasoalveolar molding or pre-surgical orthopaedic appliances: unilateral cleft lip/palate, UCL/P, Cleft lip, Cleft palate. Results: Based on the literature review, various studies have supported the effectiveness of nasoalveolar molding appliance therapy on nasal symmetry in unilateral clefts of the lip and/or palate treatment. Conclusions: The NAM therapy is effective in decreasing the severity of the initial cleft deformity, as well as repositioning of deformed nasal cartilage and alveolar process. It has many beneficial results in surgical outcomes. However, the long-term effect of this approach has remained unclear.
Context: Cleft Lip and Palate (CL/P) is the most common craniofacial malformation in the oral cavity, with a prevalence of “1 to 2in 1,000 live births worldwide. Parents with CL/P children are more prone to experience emotional disorders, especially depression, and have higher child-related stress than the parents of normal children. Due to the effect of the mental status of parents on children, the assessment of the psychological aspects of this problem and its effects on the patients and their parents is critical. Evidence Acquisition: This systematic review was carried out to determine the quality of life (QoL) and emotional problems, including anxiety and depression, in the mothers of CL/P children. All the published studies were searched in three electronic databases, including MEDLINE, PubMed, and Web of Science, up to December 30, 2020, using the keywords "Orofacial Clefts” and “Cleft Lip and Palate” in combination with “Anxiety," "Stress," "Depression," and "Quality of Life” in addition to “Parents," "Mothers," "Fathers," and "Caregivers." Results: Finally, 29 articles met the eligibility criteria for this review. Due to the differences in health care and culture, controversial findings were obtained on the QoL of parents with CL/P children. Social support plays a vital role in the prevention, resolution, and treatment of psychological problems of parents with CL/P children. The majority of studies confirmed the higher levels of anxiety and depression in caregivers of children with CL/P than in normal individuals. Conclusions: These findings emphasize the necessity of psychological screening in the first few months following the diagnosis to facilitate providing appropriate psychological support for parents with CL/P children.
Background. This clinical trial evaluated the effect of Simvastatin on space re-opening after orthodontic space closure and its effect on the gingival index (GI) and clinical attachment loss (CAL).Methods. 16 females, 25-40 years old, with spaces between anterior mandibular teeth due to chronic periodontitis were participated in this study. The patients were randomly divided into control and experimental groups. In the experimental group, 1.2% Simvastatin gel and in the control group, 0.9% sodium chloride as a placebo was injected into the pocket depth of the six anterior teeth. The amount of space reopening, GI and CAL were measured.Results. No serious complications were observed during interventions and follow-up periods. Space re-opening was significantly reduced in patients receiving Simvastatin (P < 0.001). Moreover, GI reduction was significantly greater in Sim-vastatin group compared to the control group (P < 0.001). However, CAL did not demonstrate a significant difference between the groups.Conclusion. Simvastatin may decrease space re-opening after orthodontic space closure in human anterior teeth.
The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of folinic acid chitosan hydrogel and botulinum toxin A on the wound repair of cleft lip surgery in rat animal models. Cleft lip defects were simulated by triangular incisions in the upper lip of 40 Wistar rats. Then, the rats were randomly assigned to four groups: control (CTRL), chitosan hydrogel (CHIT), and folinic acid chitosan hydrogel (FOLCHIT), in which the wounds were covered by a gauze pad soaked in normal saline, chitosan hydrogel, and folinic acid chitosan hydrogel, respectively for 5 min immediately after closure; and botulinum toxin A (BOT) with the injection of 3 units of botulinum toxin A in the wound region. Fibroblast proliferation, collagen deposition, inflammatory cell infiltration, neovascularization, and epithelial proliferation and each parameter were rated on days 14 and 28. Statistical analysis was performed by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Shapiro-Wilk test, Kruskal-Wallis, and post-hoc tests (α = 0.05). The mean score for fibroblast proliferation was significantly higher in the FOLCHIT group compared with the BOT group at days 14 and 28 (p < 0.001, p = 0.012, respectively). At day 28, collagen deposition was significantly higher in the FOLCHIT group compared with the BOT group (p = 0.012). No significant difference was observed between the inflammatory infiltration of the study groups at the two time points (p = 0.096 and p = 1.000, respectively). At day 14, vascular proliferation of group FOLCHIT was significantly higher than groups CTRL and CHIT (p = 0.001 and p = 0.006, respectively). The epithelial proliferation in the FOLCHIT group was significantly higher than groups CHIT and CTRL at day 14 (p = 0.006 and p = 0.001, respectively) and day 28 (p = 0.012). In simulated lip cleft defects, topical application of folinic acid induces faster initial regeneration by higher inflammation and cellular proliferation, at the expense of a higher tendency for scar formation by slightly higher fibroblast proliferation and collagen deposition. While injection of botulinum toxin A provides less fibroblast proliferation and collagen deposition, and thus lower potential for scar formation compared with the folinic acid group. Therefore, in wounds of the esthetic zone, such as cleft lip defects, the application of botulinum toxin A shows promising results.
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