When adopting a novel mobile technology, a mobile network operator faces the dilemma of determining which is the best time to start the installation of next generation equipment onto the existing infrastructure. In a strategic context, the best possible time for deployment is also the best response to competitors' actions, subject to normative and material constraints and to the customer's adoption curve. We formulate in this paper a finite discrete-time game which captures the main features of the problem for a two-player game played over a prescribed finite horizon. Our numerical results provide insights on the possible optimal tradeoffs for an operator between fixed costs and installation strategies.
Lakes and reservoirs are important for environmental anthropogenic functions in terms of agriculture and/or settlements. Here we present a first global overview of their chemistry by considering 1,508 water bodies, with data from 485 peer-reviewed publications from 1868 to 2020 and further five online databases. This work focusses on major ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3-&CO32-, Cl−, SO42-) and investigates analogies as well as differences between lakes and reservoirs. We applied a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to group both types of water bodies and to find differences and similarities. The PCA identified fewer variabilities for major ions in reservoirs than in lakes. Moreover, our analyses showed that lakes generally have more total dissolved solids (TDS). Such higher TDS loads in lakes could result from more diverse (and less controlled) inputs from larger catchments and from longer lasting interactions with thicker internal sediment layers. Global median geochemical compositions identified both reservoirs and lakes as calcium-bicarbonate-type waters. This first synthesis provides a basis for future studies and may serve as the start of a global database on these important water bodies.
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