The difficulty of defining fairs and markets with any methodological clarity is particularly pronounced when one considers the problem of space and the growth of urban centers. The close link between the two economic institutions is especially conspicuous in the case of Italy, a country that not only boasted the highest concentration of towns, but also showed precocious instances of institutional powers adopting urban strategies. What this suggests is that a single model is insufficient and that different analytical approaches must be adopted. The aim of this article is to identify certain lines of development in the relations linking fairs and markets to urban spaces-in the broad sense of both urban spaces and geo-economical spaces dominated by an urban center.The difficulty of defining fairs and markets with any methodological clarity and of distinguishing between the two phenomena-a difficulty pointed out by many historians and economists with regard to Italy and other countries 1 -is particularly pronounced when one considers the problem of space and the growth of urban centers. 2 The close link between the two economic institutions is especially conspicuous in the case of Italy, a country that not only boasted the highest concentration of towns (of which most were, for the medieval and early modern ages, densely populated) but also showed precocious instances of institutional powers adopting urban strategies. What this suggests is that a single model is insufficient and that different analytical approaches must be adopted. The aim of this article is to identify certain lines of development in the relations linking fairs and markets to urban spaces (in the broad sense of both urban spaces and geo-economical spaces dominated by an urban center).Within the context of European trade, the fairs of the medieval and early modern ages represented a dynamic element in the economy of their time. According to Fernand Braudel, this was the case at least until the early decades of the eighteenth century. 3 The fair systems, such as those of Champagne or Flanders, and the big fairs in cities such as Geneva, Frankfurt am Main, Lyons, and Medina del Campo lay at the center (N.B., none were ports) of extensive economic areas that corresponded neither to political regions nor for that
The aim of this paper is to show the relation between early modern labour market and the foreign labourers. The case-study is the city of Venice between late medieval and early modern time. The paper show how the attitude regarding the strangers depends not only by the economic trends but also by the decision-making process at political level of the Serenissima.
Cet article analyse les stratégies économiques menées par les nobles de Venise et de la Terre Ferme entre le XV e et le XVIII e siècle. La reconfiguration de l’économie européenne tendait à déporter la péninsule italienne en marge du Vieux Monde, invitant ses élites à faire évoluer leurs activités économiques. La diversification en a été un élément central : même si elle existait déjà au temps de « l’âge d’or » vénitien des XIV e et XV e siècles, cette diversification a pris alors l’allure d’une véritable politique d’adaptation face aux évolutions économiques internationales à l’époque moderne. Les investissements dans l’agriculture, la finance et l’industrie, tout autant que dans le commerce à longue distance plus traditionnel, montrent que le patriciat vénitien avait bien compris les données nouvelles de l’environnement international. Mettant en œuvre également des innovations de procédé et de produit, ces efforts entendaient répondre aux réalités nouvelles des marchés européens et orientaux. Le thème de la « décadence » vénitienne semble donc s’épuiser. Mais l’étendue des multiples stratégies des divers patriciats de la république de Venise appelle encore de nouvelles recherches, permettant de mieux étayer ces constats.
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