Apexification in one step using an apical barrier of PRF and a plug of MTA can be considered a predictable treatment and may be an alternative to long-term revascularization failures.

BackgroundBacterial biofilms formed on the root canal wall are often difficult to remove. This study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic effect and antibacterial efficacy of chitosan when used as root canal irrigant against E. Faecalis and Candida albicans biofilm formed on tooth substrate.Material and MethodsThe present study evaluated antibacterial effect of 0.25% Chitosan, 0.5% Chitosan, 2% chlorhexidine and 3% sodium hypochlorite against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida Albicans. Agar-well diffusion methods, minimal inhibitory concentration tests and biofilm susceptibility assays were used to determine antibacterial activity. Teeth specimens were sectioned to obtain a standardized tooth length of 12mm. Specimens were inoculated with 10 mL of the freshly prepared E. Faecalis suspension and Candida albicans for 4 weeks. The specimens were then instrumented with ProTaper rotary files F3 size. After irrigation with test solution, three sterile paper points were placed into one canal, left for 60 s and transferred to a test tube containing 1 mL of reduced transport fluid. The number of CFU in 1 mL was determined.Results3-week biofilm qualitative assay showed complete inhibition of bacterial growth with 3% Sodium hypochlorite, 2% Chlorhexidine and Chitosan except saline, which showed presence of bacterial growth. Significant reduction of colony forming units (CFU)/mL was observed for the chitosan groups and the antibacterial activity of the chitosan groups was at par with 3% NaOCl and 2% Chlorhexidine. It was observed that the chitosan showed no cytotoxicity at 3mg/ml and 10% cytotoxicity at 6mg/ml.ConclusionsThe use of chitosan as a root canal irrigant might be an alternative considering the various undesirable properties of NaOCl and chlorhexidine. Key words:Biofilm, Candida albicans, Chitosan, Cytotoxicity, Enterococcus faecalis.

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Aim:The aim of the study was to determine the clinical and histopathological effect on palatal hyperplasia caused by suction cups by different methods of management used for recovery of abused tissues.Materials and Methods:A total of 35 subjects agreed for biopsy procedure, from 50 patients who gave consent for the study. Out of the 35 subjects, 20 were randomly selected for treatment with discontinuation of denture (Group I) and 15 selected for denture relined with tissue conditioner (COE-comfort) (Group II). Punch biopsy procedure was performed on these patients to study the histopathology of the lesion before the two modalities of treatment was administered on them.Results:Inflammation caused by suction cup decreased considerably by both the treatment modalities, i.e., the use of tissue conditioner as well as discontinuation of denture (tissue rest) for a period of 2 weeks.Conclusion:It was concluded that wearing denture day and night considerably increased the severity of inflammatory papillary hyperplasia of palate. Healing was better with tissue conditioner when compared with tissue rest.

IntrOductIOnOral hygiene measures fail to completely clean the dental plaque from the difficult, inaccessible areas of teeth and as a result dental caries develop [1]. Partially erupted mesio-angular or horizontally impacted third molars that contact the cementoenamel junction of the second molar place this tooth at risk of developing caries in the distal cervical region [2][3][4]. The exposed distal root of the second molar is colonized by various pathologic bacteria and may lead to development of periodontal defect [5]. Major factors related with the impaction of third molar are lack of space, limited skeletal growth, distal eruption of dentition, vertical condylar growth, increased crown size, and late maturation of the third molars [6,7].Caries in second molar caused by an impacted or angulated third molar occasionally necessitates removal of the third molar and restoration of the carious defect. Furthermore, in some cases where the carious lesions are too large to be restored, the involved second molars are extracted, the result of which is a considerable loss of masticatory function. Distal surface caries on mandibular second molars can lead to problems in restoration owing to the frequent occurrence of subgingival caries accompanied by severe alveolar bone destruction at the distal area of the mandibular second molars. With this in mind, early detection and evaluation of the caries risk of the second molars associated with third molars might be helpful for the prevention of distal caries in the second molars. There has always been a controversy regarding the validity of prophylactic removal of impacted third molars [8,9]. However, in cases where the second molars are at a high risk of developing carious lesions owing to their proximity to the third molars, preventive extraction of the third molars can be recommended as a treatment method for improving the prognosis of second molars [10].As the studies relating the incidence of distal caries of second molar and the eruption status of the third molar including the angulations and vertical position of third molars are few, the present study was designed to analyse the correlation between the incidence of distal caries in second molars and their associated removal from the oral cavity due to tilted third molars. Based upon these findings, we can interpret whether the prophylactic removal of third molar to save the second molar is advised or not. MAterIAls And MethOdsA cross-sectional study was conducted and the radiographic data over a period of one year (November 2012-November 2013) was collected from the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology of Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences, Delhi. A total of 1187 radiographs (642 females and 545 males) of patients with age range: 18-55 years of third molar region (including all the quadrants and both the arches) were reviewed. The variables that we recorded were sex, age, angulation and eruption status of the third molar and proximity of the third molar to the cementoenamel junction of the second molar. The...

BackgroundTo describe, a yet non-documented complication of GDI surgery (glaucoma drainage incision surgery) - anterior to posterior segment migration of Ahmed Glaucoma Valve (AGV) tube.Case PresentationWe report a young 9 year old boy, diagnosed with refractory glaucoma with Reiger anomaly. History included of poor vision in both eyes, left more than right with glare since childhood. He underwent GDI surgery with AGV implantation following which he developed posterior migration of AGV tube. The detailed ocular history, ophthalmic findings, clinical course, surgical management and development of the posterior tube migration is discussed.ConclusionPosterior Migration of AGV tube has yet not been described. Also there is a role of expectant management of the complication in this case as evidenced by the benign course of events.