Sustainable supply of food and energy without posing any threat to environment is the current demand of our society in view of continuous increase in global human population and depletion of natural resources of energy. Cyanobacteria have recently emerged as potential candidates who can fulfill abovementioned needs due to their ability to efficiently harvest solar energy and convert it into biomass by simple utilization of CO 2 , water and nutrients. During conversion of radiant energy into chemical energy, these biological systems produce oxygen as a by-product. Cyanobacterial biomass can be used for the production of food, energy, biofertilizers, secondary metabolites of nutritional, cosmetics, and medicinal importance. Therefore, cyanobacterial farming is proposed as environment friendly sustainable agricultural practice which can produce biomass of very high value. Additionally, cyanobacterial farming helps in decreasing the level of greenhouse gas, i.e., CO 2 , and it can be also used for removing various contaminants from wastewater and soil. However, utilization of cyanobacteria for resolving the abovementioned problems is subjected to economic viability. In this review, we provide details on different aspects of cyanobacterial system that can help in developing sustainable agricultural practices. We also describe different large-scale cultivation systems for cyanobacterial farming and discuss their merits and demerits in terms of economic profitability.

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The current study was intended to isolate and characterize the plant growth-promoting properties and pesticide (chlorpyripfos) tolerance ability of microbial strains for sustainable vegetable productions. Plant growthpromoting microorganism is a group of microbial consortia to improve crop growth and yield by various direct mechanisms, e.g. nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, production of plant growth hormones, ammonia and siderophore, and indirect mechanisms, e.g. production of antibiotic, hydrogen cyanide to help as biocontrolling agent. Totally, 50 microbes were isolated from soils of vegetable field. Out of 50, 14 strains were selected on the basis of morphological, growth biochemically characters (e.g. gram staining, amylase, cellulase, catalase and citrate test) and plant growth-promoting properties. All strains have ability of ammonia production. Out of 14 strains, IESDV2, IESDV3, IESDV4, IESDV11, IESDV12 and IESD28 were found significant increase in production of IAA, ammonia and phosphate solubilization than others. Strains IESDV3 and IESDV11 showed tolerant at 6 ll/ml concentration of chlorpyrifos which is three-time increase concentration of recommended dose (2 ll/ml). Others strains IESDV12, IESDV13 and IESDV28 were also showed resistance or tolerance at different concentrations of pesticide 2, 4, 6 and 20 ll/ml. These strains also showed plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria activities. Therefore, the main result of this study is to screen and identify that three strains (IESDV3, IESDV11, IESDV12 and IESDV28) can be used as effective pesticide-tolerant plant growth-promoting microbial consortia for vegetable production under sustainable agriculture at eastern Uttar Pradesh.

The total number of inhabitants on the Earth is estimated to cross a record number of 9 × 10 3 million by 2050 that present a unique challenge to provide energy and clean environment to every individual. The growth in population results in a change of land use, and greenhouse gas emission due to increased industrialization and transportation. Energy consumption affects the quality of the environment by adding carbon dioxide and other pollutants to the atmosphere. This leads to oceanic acidification and other environmental fluctuations due to global climate change. Concurrently, speedy utilization of known conventional fuel reservoirs causes a challenge to a sustainable supply of energy. Therefore, an alternate energy resource is required that can maintain the sustainability of energy and environment. Among different alternatives, energy production from high carbon dioxide capturing photosynthetic aquatic microbes is an emerging technology to clean environment and produce carbon-neutral energy from their hydrocarbon-rich biomass. However, economical challenges due to low biomass production still prevent the commercialization of bioenergy. In this work, we review the impact of fossil fuels burning, which is predominantly used to fulfill global energy demand, on the quality of the environment. We also assess the status of biofuel production and utilization and discuss its potential to clean the environment. The complications associated with biofuel manufacturing using photosynthetic microorganisms are discussed and directed evolution for targeted phenotypes and targeted delivery of nutrients are proposed as potential strategies to increase the biomass production.

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