Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM), which can currently work well on Microbial Fuel Cells (MFC), cannot be produced efficiently. This is due to its high cost and properties such as high oxygen diffusion, presence of toxic sulphides, and a potential translucent substrate. Alternatively, clay mixed with activated Carbon will be used to produce PEM. This is because the crystalline clay content has characteristics that are useful in the manufacture of PEM. To produce cheap PEM, this research was conducted to produce rice husk activated Carbon (ACIRH) which was synthesized with sulfuric acid activator solution. In this case, ACIRH is activated by a two-step activation method. The two stages of the activation process were carried out by carbonizing ACIRH at a temperature of 500°C then impregnated with 2M of phosphoric acid solution with a weight ratio of 5:1 for 20 minutes resulting in an ACIRH surface area of 109.885 m2/gram. It was obtained using the method of Brunauer, Emmet, Teller (BET) with an Automated Chemisorption/Physisorption Surface Area Analyzer. ACRH pore size of 96 nm was obtained by applying the method of Density Function Theory (DFT). These results were confirmed by FESEM images showing the porous ACRH mesopore size. Meanwhile, X-Ray Diffraction Test and Rietveld Analysis showed that ACIRH contains 42.3% of Silica and 57.7% of Carbon. While the clay consists of 95.6% of Quartz (SiO2), 1.3% of Annite (KFe3 2+AlSi3O10(OH)2), 1.0% of Portlandite (Ca(OH)2), 0 9% of Brucite (Mg(OH)2), and 1.2% of Rutile (TiO2).
This study was carried out in riparian conservation forests within a monospecific pulpwood estate in Sorek,Pelalawan District, Riau. The remaining natural forests comprised lowland rainforest (at Sei Buluh and Tolamriversides), mixed swamp forest (at Telayap riverside), and pole forest (at Rangsang riverside). The objective of thecurrent study was to describe the floristic structure of each forest type at the conservation areas in concern.Fifteen transects (width of 20 m) were established at all sites with a total length of 8.080 m. Quadrates plots of 20x 20 m were established with continue on these transect for tree sampling (dbh > 20 cm) and smaller quadrates(10 x 10 m) were nested on each one of the former for pole sampling (dbh 10 – 20 cm). The parameters used in thisstudy were Importance Value (IV), species richness (Margalef Index = R1 and Menhinick Index = R2), and Diversity Index (Shannon = H’ and Simpson = D). Results showed that in tree stratum, the largest basal area (11.25 m2ha-1) and the highest diversity was found at Telayap’s riverside (H’ = 3.70 and D = 0.98). Species richness was most profound at Tolam riverside (R1 = 10.43 and R2 = 2.83). Rangsang’s riverside possessed the highest tree density (105 individuals ha-1) but with the smallest dbh (26.5 cm). This forest was a peat-swamp forest predominating by bintangur (Calophyllum pulcherimum). At the pole stratum, the largest basal area (7.00 m2ha-1) and the highest diversity was found at Tolam riverside (H’ = 3.39 and D = 0.96). Species richness was most profound at Telayap’s riverside (R1 = 8.89 and R2 = 2.64). The highest pole density (380 individuals ha-1) was observed at Sei Buluh’s riverside, in which mempening (Quercus lucida Roxb.) was predominating. Acacia mangium was establishing very well at all sites, indicating its adaptability and potentially invasive feature.
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