Because of their good performance in diffusion‐limited processes, ordered macro‐microporous single‐crystalline metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) have potential for use in various fields. However, there are still very few reports of the synthesis of such MOFs. A general synthesis methodology for ordered macro‐microporous single‐crystalline MOFs is highly desired. Here, a novel strategy is reported for synthesizing single‐crystalline ordered macro‐microporous MOFs by monodentate‐ligand‐induced in situ crystallization within a 3D ordered hard template in a double‐solvent system. A space‐confined growth model is proposed to clarify the shaping effect of the template; the role of the monodentate ligand is also analyzed. Moreover, a carbon material derived from the macro‐microporous MOF inherits the ordered interconnected macroporous structure. The improved diffusion and lower resistance, as well as the structural robustness, endow the derivative carbon material with superior rate performance and excellent cycling stability when prepared as electrodes for a supercapacitor. It is anticipated that the method will provide new paths to the synthesis of such macro‐microporous materials for applications in energy‐related fields and beyond.
Soft actuators with accurate and real-time motion perception are of great importance for flexible machines and artificial intelligence robotics to enable an autonomic response to surroundings. To enhance the sensing-signal reliability and calibration, synchronous motion perception with multiplex feedback signals is desired but has not been sufficiently explored. Herein, we present a soft bimorph actuator that has electrical and visual dual channel signal feedback functions for real-time multiplex motion perception. Cellulose paper and polyimide tape were assembled together as bimorph actuation layers on which an MXene/graphene bilayer was coated for electrothermal function and electrical signal feedback and a thermochromic interlayer was used for real-time visual signal feedback. Based on the proposed actuators, three kinds of bionic robotics and an electro-puppetry robot, "Wu Song Fights the Tiger", with motion-programmable
To evaluate the influence of metals
on the catalytic activity of
HZSM-5 zeolite, the catalytic fast pyrolysis of sawdust was investigated
using a vertical two-stage reactor with Fe- (different loading amounts),
Zr-, and Co-modified zeolite catalysts. Simultaneously, the effects
of biomass pretreatments (HCl, NaOH, and NaBH4 impregnation)
were also explored. Increasing the temperature of the catalytic reaction
from 450 to 650 °C led to simplification of the composition of
the bio-oil, and there was a marked increase in the content and yield
of aromatic hydrocarbons. With respect to modification of the catalyst,
4Co/HZSM-5 produced the highest gas and coke yields, whereas 4Fe/HZSM-5
and 4Zr/HZSM-5 exhibited similar effects on the product yields and
demonstrated better features in the catalytic process than HZSM-5,
resulting in a content of over 45% aromatic hydrocarbons in the generated
bio-oil. The 4Zr/HZSM-5 catalyst promoted the formation of more benzene
and its derivatives, whereas 4Fe/HZSM-5 produced a higher yield of
naphthalene and its derivatives. With increased Fe loading, catalytic
deoxygenation and hydrocarbon formation became more effective. A reaction
pathway leading to aromatics is proposed to describe the catalytic
pyrolysis process. HCl and NaBH4 pretreatments largely
promoted the formation of hydrocarbons, whereas NaOH pretreatment
was favorable for the formation of phenolics. The combined utilization
of biomass pretreatments and 4Fe/HZSM-5 catalyst was found to be an
effective method for upgrading bio-oil.
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