Lymphadenitis is the most generic form of extra pulmonary manifestation of tuberculosis. It is both diagnostic and therapeutic challenge because it mimics various other pathologic processes and yields inconsistent physical laboratory findings. Diagnosis is quite difficult often requiring biopsy. It is also important to differentiate tuberculous from non-tuberculous mycobacterial cervical lymphadenitis as their treatment protocols are different. We are presenting a case report of two patients who presented with neck swelling. Elastography is a recent advance in the field of sonography helping in identifying nature of pathology. Sonography, doppler and elastographic findings are discussed.
Background: In this modern era stress is a commonly seen phenomenon. Stress affects physiological equilibrium leading to many pathologic conditions including endocrine disorders like diabetes mellitus. Physiological responses to stress including increased glucose production, glucose mobilisation and insulin resistance could partially mediate this risk. Meditation is a behavioural phenomenon which can be used to cause autonomic nervous system alterations and help in reducing stress and its effects.Methods: In this cross-sectional study 60 patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were divided into 2 groups, 30 patients who are practicing Raja yoga meditation for more than 5 years and their glycemic status was compared with the glycemic status of 30 patients of T2DM who did not practice any form of yogic meditation.Results: Blood glucose level and glycated haemoglobin levels were significantly lower in yoga practitioners. Lipid profile showed significant reduction in total cholesterol and serum triglycerides.Conclusions: Thus, a better glycaemic control is achieved with regular practice of Raja yoga meditation which helps in maintaining optimal level of autonomic equilibrium at rest as well as during exposure to stress.
Aberrant thyroid is a mass of tissue having the structure of a pathological thyroid gland situated at some definite distance from the normal thyroid gland. In all the variants of carcinoma of thyroid the papillary variant is the most common. Predominantly seen in females ranging in the age group of 25-45 years. It is often well differentiated, slow growing and localised. Here we report a case of a 35-year-old lady with a swelling in the right anterior triangle of the neck with normal thyroid gland. Histopathological report was suggestive of papillary carcinoma of thyroid. The origin of lateral ectopic thyroid tissue is not fully understood and controversial. The lateral localisation is a rare entity and debated extensively in the literature. Though rare, the possibility of an ectopic thyroid carcinoma must always be considered by the surgeon in cases of a pathological mass in the neck. This case report demonstrates that a normal thyroid gland on clinical examination does not exclude the presence of thyroid carcinoma in an ectopic tissue.
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