Lung cancer remains a major public health concern among all cancer diseases due to the toxicity and side-effects of the available commercially synthesized drugs. Natural product-derived synthesized anticancer drugs are now of promising interest to fight against cancer death. Carvacrol is a major component of most essential oil-bearing plants with potential pharmacological activity, especially against various cancer cell lines. Among the other organometallic compounds, copper complexes have been reported to be effective anticancer agents against various cancer cell lines, especially lung and leukemia cancers, due to the nontoxic nature of copper in normal cells since it is an endogenic metal. In this study, we synthesized three carvacrol derivatives, i.e., carvacrol aldehyde, Schiff base, and copper–Schiff base complex, through an established synthesis protocol and characterized the synthesized product using various spectroscopic techniques. The synthesized derivatives were evaluated for in vitro cytotoxic activity against different cancer cell lines, including human lung cancer (A549) and human fibroblast (BALB-3T3). Our findings showed that the copper–Schiff base complex derived from carvacrol inhibited the proliferation and migration of the A549 cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. This activity might be due to the inhibition of cell proliferation and migration at the G2/M cell-cycle phase, as well as apoptosis, possibly through the activation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the activity of the copper–Schiff base complex of carvacrol against A549 cell lines. Our result highlights that a new synthesized copper complex from carvacrol could be a novel potential drug in the treatment of lung cancer.
Clerodendrum serratum (Linn.) Moon (CS) is a traditionally well-accepted plant used vigorously in Indian ayurvedic therapeutic purposes. However, not much work has been carried out to prepare its medicinal profile. Moreover, chemical characterization of this plant is still largely unexplored. In the present study, we explored several in-vitro antioxidant methods including hydroxyl radical, nitric oxide, erythrocyte membrane stabilizing activity etc. to evaluate the free radical scavenging potentiality of CS. In addition, GC-MS analysis was performed to identify the active phytocompounds. In-silico docking technique was further employed to examine the binding pattern among selected cancerous proteins (breast cancer, ovarian cancer and lung cancer) and identified active compounds. Result exhibited decent antioxidant activity of CS when compared with respective standards. Furthermore, any drastic metabolic changes were not observed through hemolytic assay confirming CS as a non-toxic stuff and safer to consume. A total number of 6 phytocompounds have been identified via GC-MS analysis in which linoleic acid, oleic acid, squalene and stigmasterol are the main bioactive compounds observed. The in-silico studies disclosed the probable function of selected phytocompounds in neutralizing various types of cancer leading towards new drug discovery.
The plant Adenanthera pavonina L. (Leguminosae) is a traditionally and pharmacologically important medicinal plant of the Asian subcontinent. Various parts of the plant particularly seeds, roots and leaves are traditionally used for the treatment of rheumatism, inflammations, diarrhoea, boils and lowering of blood pressure. A critical phytochemical survey was executed on the phytochemistry of A. pavonina, and found a plethora of phytochemicals that consisted of various phytochemical groups namely phytosterols, saponins and sapogenins, flavonoids, alkaloid, alcohols, hydrocarbons, fatty acids and ester, carbohydrates, sugars and amino acids. Current phytochemical studies reveal the presence of 71 isolated compounds, a few of which have been shown different pharmacological activities. This review compiles a wealth of information on the phytochemistry of A. pavonina from the standpoints of chemistry and medicine that would be explored in order to carry on future research in the discovery and development of new therapeutic lead drug molecules.
Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir has long been used in the traditional medications for the treatment of various human diseases most notably diarrhoea, asthma, diabetes and inflammation. Several chromatographic techniques were used to isolate the main active constituents from different parts of the plants using different solvents. Over the last few decades, 57 compounds have been isolated and identified from the P. reticulatus including 12 terpenoids, 4 steroids, 7 flavonoids, 8 phenolics, 8 lignins, 8 tannins, 5 megastigmane glycosides, 3 diterpenoids, 1 purine derivative, 2 acid deravetives and 1 fatty alcohol. This review provided a comprehensive overview of the phytochemistry of P. reticulatus based on the unified review of literature. The review suggests for further avenues of research on the phytochemistry of P. reticulatus to isolate and decipher the unidentified lead compounds for future pharmaceutical applications.
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