Synthesis of Carvacrol Derivatives as Potential New Anticancer Agent against Lung Cancer

Abstract

Lung cancer remains a major public health concern among all cancer diseases due to the toxicity and side-effects of the available commercially synthesized drugs. Natural product-derived synthesized anticancer drugs are now of promising interest to fight against cancer death. Carvacrol is a major component of most essential oil-bearing plants with potential pharmacological activity, especially against various cancer cell lines. Among the other organometallic compounds, copper complexes have been reported to be effective anticancer agents against various cancer cell lines, especially lung and leukemia cancers, due to the nontoxic nature of copper in normal cells since it is an endogenic metal. In this study, we synthesized three carvacrol derivatives, i.e., carvacrol aldehyde, Schiff base, and copper–Schiff base complex, through an established synthesis protocol and characterized the synthesized product using various spectroscopic techniques. The synthesized derivatives were evaluated for in vitro cytotoxic activity against different cancer cell lines, including human lung cancer (A549) and human fibroblast (BALB-3T3). Our findings showed that the copper–Schiff base complex derived from carvacrol inhibited the proliferation and migration of the A549 cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. This activity might be due to the inhibition of cell proliferation and migration at the G2/M cell-cycle phase, as well as apoptosis, possibly through the activation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the activity of the copper–Schiff base complex of carvacrol against A549 cell lines. Our result highlights that a new synthesized copper complex from carvacrol could be a novel potential drug in the treatment of lung cancer.

Synthesis, characterization, crystal structure, thermal and redox behaviour and antiproliferative studies of morpholine‐based two copper(II) compounds

“…Cell death by way of apoptosis is an essential factor for the anticancerous activity of any compound 40 . To evaluate whether the cytotoxicity caused by compounds 1 and 2 towards lung adenocarcinoma cells was induced by apoptosis, various staining techniques have been performed.…”

“…Cell death by way of apoptosis is an essential factor for the anticancerous activity of any compound. 40 To compounds (Figure 12a-h). It was also spotted that, at higher concentrations, that is, 66 and 88 μM, more cells had exhibited nuclear deformities (Figure 12d,h).…”

Synthesis and biological assessment of indole derivatives containing penta-heterocycles scaffold as novel anticancer agents towards A549 and K562 cells

“…Lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer (11.6% of the total cases), closely followed by female breast cancer (11.6%), prostate cancer (7.1%), and colorectal cancer (6.1%) for incidence in 2018 3 , 4 . Lung cancer and leukaemia remain major public health concern among current all diseases due to the toxicity and side effects of the available commercially synthesised drugs 5 , 6 . Currently, chemotherapy, surgical resection, and radio therapy are the main means of cancer treatment, while chemotherapy plays an indispensable role in current clinical treatment.…”

Anticancer Activities of Re(I) Tricarbonyl and Its Imidazole-Based Ligands: Insight from a Theoretical Approach

“… 14 The potential of rhenium complexes was first identified in tricarbonyl bismine complexes in the HeLa cells. 15 Rhenium is more economically feasible; hence, all center of attention has been conveyed to these significant Re(I) tricarbonyl complexes applied as a cancer drug in therapeutics. 16 , 17 Upon investigations on vast numbers of rhenium compounds with higher oxidation states, alongside hetero-metallic complexes, researchers have given little attention to Re(I) tricarbonyl complexes.…”

“…Despite these spectacular attributes found in metal-based complexes, they have certain disadvantages as it causes toxic side effects and displays chemotherapeutic resistance. , Various studies on the transition metal rhenium (Re) have been conducted in recent years to develop novel anticancer agents. − Syntheses were carried out on many rhenium complexes, exploring their potential properties as an anticancer agent due to their biological activity of cytotoxicity . The potential of rhenium complexes was first identified in tricarbonyl bismine complexes in the HeLa cells . Rhenium is more economically feasible; hence, all center of attention has been conveyed to these significant Re­(I) tricarbonyl complexes applied as a cancer drug in therapeutics. , Upon investigations on vast numbers of rhenium compounds with higher oxidation states, alongside hetero-metallic complexes, researchers have given little attention to Re­(I) tricarbonyl complexes .…”