Soil is defined as minerals, gases, organic matter, liquid and organisms which together supports the life. Black cotton soil being clayey, deep, and impermeable, expands and becomes sticky during rainy season and contracts during the dry season engendering deep cracks. Black cotton soil being more expansive in nature, the shear strength is very less and thereby, lowering the bearing capacity too. To overcome the problem of low strength and bearing capacity of locally available soil and to stabilize soil for a longer life of buildings, improvisations have become a necessity. In this present study an effective technique is provided for ground improvement for soil stabilization using bio enzyme. Bio-enzyme namely Terrazyme is added to improvise Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) value of soil, and these are further compared with virgin soil’s CBR and UCS values. The laboratory tests were conducted like California Bearing Ratio Test, Atterberg Consistency Limits and Compaction test on soil samples with differential Terrazyme. Percentages for redefining the properties. From the results, it is evident that Terrazyme has proven to be a most satisfying add-on that helps in improvising the supreme characteristics of the soil with the usage up to 0.2 - 0.4 ml. Being economical and eco-friendly makes it to stand out of all and has made it more preferable than other enzymes. The study concludes, the soil has become more stable to support a greater life span and more strengthened in the presence of Terrazyme. The experimental investigations and further discussions concerning Terrazyme usage can be more precisely contemplated in the paper.
With increased demand and limited aggregate and binder supply brings the use of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) as a valuable component in Hot Mix Asphalt(HMA) since 1970’s in US. Later on, the use of RAP has evolved into a regular practice in many countries around the world and use of these materials in the past has proven to be economically and environmentally sound. Mixing of RAP in virgin materials has been greatly favored over virgin materials because of increase in cost of asphalt, scarcity of quality aggregates and asphalt. The use of RAP in pavement design is Recycling the left over Asphalt through crushing and is recycled back into asphalt which performs equal or better than the virgin mixtures. Now-a- days being more environmentally friendly is important and hence, recycling on site can offer real benefits not only through better planning and regulations, but also saving in the waste disposal charges, energy saving which is modified into the strengthen material. The use of RAP is gaining momentum in India at present and very less studies were carried out and there were no such studies on complete usage of RAP and hence this study was carried out for complete utilization of RAP content in Bituminous mixture. Experimental results show that, RAP materials has much better resistance under compressive load and impact load than virgin materials, i.e. 8.43% of impact value and 6.23% of crushing value was obtained for RAP whereas 12.83% of impact value and 9.07% of crushing value was obtained for virgin material. It was found that 30 to 50% of RAP material can be preferable for the construction of roads where as on using 100% RAP the pavement becomes weak and unstable.
With increased demand and limited aggregate and binder supply brings the use of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) as a valuable component in Hot Mix Asphalt(HMA) since 1970’s in US. Later on, the use of RAP has evolved into a regular practice in many countries around the world and use of these materials in the past has proven to be economically and environmentally sound. Mixing of RAP in virgin materials has been greatly favored over virgin materials because of increase in cost of asphalt, scarcity of quality aggregates and asphalt. The use of RAP in pavement design is Recycling the left over Asphalt through crushing and is recycled back into asphalt which performs equal or better than the virgin mixtures. Now-a-days being more environmentally friendly is important and hence, recycling on site can offer real benefits not only through better planning and regulations, but also saving in the waste disposal charges, energy saving which is modified into the strengthen material. The use of RAP is gaining momentum in India at present and there were very limited studies carried out on the use of RAP in Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) as well. Therefore an ample scope exists inorder to investigate the complete usage of RAP content.
Owing to the advantages like intense compressive strength, large ductility and enormous energy incorporation, Concrete filled steel tube column system is gaining momentum when set side by side to regular steel or reinforced concrete system. Local buckling is one such major advantage that CFST gives experimental results from various articles has proven that there is an increase in the properties of CFST over normal concrete systems. This paper aims to give brief understanding on the experiments works conducted and numerical results obtained from various articles are discussed. Experimental works exposed to view that circular concrete filled steel tubes were more appropriate than square concrete filled steel tubes. In this paper, nonlinear finite element analysis for concrete filled steel tube is effectuated through varied parameters like concrete infill grade, as short columns with diameter ratio (L/D) not exceeding 4.5 with devoid of slenderness have also been discussed. The past studies divulged that the increment of D/T ratio dwindles the load carrying capacity of CFST and moreover, the high concrete infill grade buttress the load carrying capacity. From various literature reviews it was also concluded that the confinement efficacy of concrete enlarges the resistance to axial loading of compound columns with concrete filled circular sections. Furthermorefor the CFST columns the buckling failure can be evaded, as well as the load carrying capacity can be strengthened by hauling down the slenderness ratio. Therefore ample scope exists in carrying of numerical analysis using ANSYS to find the potential of CFST columns.
The present examination illustrates the impact on the hardened and fresh cement mortar and cement with the inclusion of nanosilica of size 40 nm in various environmental conditions (UltraTech, India). It is quite notified that an elevation in compressive strength as well as flexural strength along with an improvisation in the performance and life span of cement mortar. The samples of M5 grade blended with a ninety percentage of concrete and remaining with nanosilica was identified to have a finer working elevation in as well as in standards when collated with the conventional cement mortar. The corollary of hardened and fresh cement, strength parameters were looked upon with the aid of XRD (X-ray Diffraction). Also, the SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) test holds a predominant role in analysis.
Two types of wheels are considered for the preset study, i.e., a small wheel with diameter of 160 mm and width 32 mm, whereas for a large wheel with diameter of 210 mm and width of 50 mm. TRI-1 or Tiruchirappalli soil simulant is considered for the interaction studies, which is an anorthosite based lunar soil simulant. The normal stress, shear stress and vertical forces are determined when the wheel starts moving on TRI-1 soil simulant. Entry and exit angles are also calculated for all models to estimate vertical forces. The maximum normal stress found for the small wheel was 32.121 kN/m 2 (Wong-Reece model). In the case of the large wheel, the maximum normal stress was found to be 39.016 kN/m 2 (Reece model). Vertical forces are found from the obtained normal stresses and shear stresses, and are presented graphically. The dimensionless stress ratio of both the wheels for the considered models, i.e., DNSR and DSSR, is also found.
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