Although cholinergic modulation of the cochlear nucleus (CN) is functionally important, neither its cellular consequences nor the types of receptors conveying it are precisely known. The aim of this work was to characterise the cholinergic effects on giant cells of the CN, using electrophysiology and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Application of the cholinergic agonist carbachol increased the spontaneous activity of the giant cells; which was partly the consequence of the reduction in a K(+) conductance. This effect was mediated via M4 and M3 receptors. Cholinergic modulation also affected the synaptic transmission targeting the giant cells. Excitatory synaptic currents evoked by the stimulation of the superficial and deep regions of the CN were sensitive to cholinergic modulation: the amplitude of the first postsynaptic current was reduced, and the short-term depression was also altered. These changes were mediated via M3 receptors alone and via the combination of M4, M2 and M3 receptors, when the superficial and deep layers, respectively, were activated. Inhibitory synaptic currents evoked from the superficial layer showed short-term depression, but they were unaffected by carbachol. In contrast, inhibitory currents triggered by the activation of the deep parts exhibited no significant short-term depression, but they were highly sensitive to cholinergic activation, which was mediated via M3 receptors. Our results indicate that pre- and postsynaptic muscarinic receptors mediate cholinergic modulation on giant cells. The present findings shed light on the cellular mechanisms of a tonic cholinergic modulation in the CN, which may become particularly important in evoking contralateral excitatory responses under certain pathological conditions.

Determining the target of membrane sterols on voltage-gated potassium channels. Bbamcb (2018),

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Adequate interpretation of the functional data characterising the projection neurones of the cochlear nucleus (CN) is impossible without the unequivocal classification of these cell types at the end of the experiments. In this study, morphological criteria applicable for unambiguous identification of CN neurones have been sought. The neurones were labelled with rhodamine from incisions severing the projection pathways of the individual cell types, allowing their selective labelling and morphological characterisation. Confocal microscopy was employed for the investigation of the rhodamine-filled cells whose morphology was assessed after reconstructing the three-dimensional images of the cell bodies and proximal processes. The diameters of the somata and the number of processes originating from the cell bodies were also determined. In most of the cases, unambiguous identification of the bushy, octopus and Purkinje-like cells was relatively straightforward. On the other hand, precise classification of the pyramidal cells was often difficult, especially because giant cells could easily possess morphological features resembling pyramidal neurones. Occasionally, giant cells also mimicked the appearance of octopus neurones, which may be another important source of identification error, especially as these two cell types are often situated close to each other in the CN. It is concluded that morphological criteria defined in the present work may be effectively applied for the unambiguous identification of the projection neurones of the CN, even following functional measurements, when the correct cell classification is essential for the interpretation of the experimental data. Moreover, the present study also confirmed that Purkinje-like cells project to the cerebellum. [6,7,10,16,[21][22][23]33,39,42], in which the projection neurones in the posterior part of the ventral CN (pVCN); giant cells are 38 scattered in both the VCN and the dorsal CN (DCN); whereas 39 pyramidal neurones and Purkinje-like cells (PLCs) are found 40 in the DCN only. The activity of neuronal networks consisting 41 of the projection cells and the numerous interneurones ensures 42 that the incoming acoustic information is not merely distributed, 43 but processed in the CN. Consequently, the projection neurones 44 actively contribute to the decoding of the acoustic information. 45 The axons of these cells form the efferent pathways targeting 46 various structures in the brain stem, and carry information about 47 different aspects of the sound stimuli (amplitude, onset, duration, 48 etc.). 49In a study aiming at the description and understanding of 50 the activity of such a complex neuronal structure as the CN, 51 it is imperative to clearly define the functional contribution of The experiments were conducted on 1-month-old Wistar rats (from both 111 sexes) following a protocol that was authorised by the Ethical Committee of the 112 University of Debrecen and was in accordance with the appropriate international 113 and Hungarian laws. The animals we...

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