RESUMO -Este experimento foi conduzido com os objetivos de caracterizar e quantificar as frações que compõem os carboidratos e a proteína de diferentes silagens. Foi utilizado delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições: silagem de milho (AG 5011), silagem de sorgo-sudão, silagem de sorgo-forrageiro (BR 601) e silagem de girassol (Rumbsol 91). A silagem de girassol apresentou menor valor de carboidratos totais (CT) e da fração B2 (fração potencialmente degradável da fibra). As silagens de milho, sorgo-sudão e sorgo-forrageiro não apresentaram diferença quanto aos teores de carboidratos totais. A fração C (fração indigestível da parede celular) foi encontrada em maior proporção nas silagens de sorgo-sudão e girassol. Não houve diferenças na fração A da proteína (nitrogênio não-proteico) entre as silagens.A silagem de girassol apresentou maior valor de proteína bruta e nitrogênio total. Não foi observada diferença nos resultados entre as silagens de milho e sorgo, e a fração C foi menor para silagem de milho e sorgo forrageiro. As silagens de sorgo-sudão e sorgo-forrageiro apresentam menor valor nutritivo, devido à maior quantidade de parede celular e ao menor conteúdo de energia em comparação às silagens de milho e girassol.Palavras-chave: avaliação de alimentos, girassol, milho, sorgo Fractioning of carbohydrates and protein of silages of different foragesABSTRACT -This experiment was conducted to characterize and quantify the fractions that make up the carbohydrate and protein in silages. The design was completely randomized with four replications and five treatments: corn silage (AG 5011), sorghumsudangrass silage, forage sorghum silage (BR 601) and sunflower silage (Rumbsol 91). Sunflower silage had the lowest value of total carbohydrates (TC) and B2 fraction (potentially degradable fraction of the fiber). Silages of corn, forage sorghum and sorghumsudangrass showed no difference in cholesterol levels. Fraction C (indigestible cell wall fraction) was higher in silages of sunflower and sorghum-sudangrass. There was no effect on the protein fraction (non-protein nitrogen) between silages. Sunflower silage showed higher crude protein and total nitrogen. No differences were found between the silages of maize and sorghum, and fraction C was smaller for the corn silage and forage sorghum. Silages of corn, forage sorghum and sorghum-sudangrass presented lower nutritional value due to the greater amount of cell wall and less energy, when compared with silages of corn and sunflower. IntroduçãoO suprimento das necessidades nutricionais de ruminantes depende principalmente do conteúdo de energia e proteína da dieta que podem ser utilizadas pela microbiota ruminal. Segundo Mello & Nörnberg (2004), a fermentação ruminal depende da concentração total de carboidratos e proteínas na dieta e de suas taxas de degradação. O valor nutricional de uma silagem depende essencialmente da cultivar utilizada, do estádio de maturação no momento do corte e da natureza do processo fermentativo, o que r...
ABSTRACT. The experiment was conducted to evaluate losses and nutritive value of elephant grass silage containing increasing levels of cottonseed meal. The experimental design was completely randomized, with five treatments: 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28% inclusion of cottonseed meal, and four replications. The material was chopped and packed in PVC silos and stored for 80 days. The pH and dry matter (DM), crude protein, lignin and ether extract of the silages increased linearly with the addition of cottonseed meal, while the levels of acid detergent insoluble nitrogen, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, cellulose and hemicellulose decreased linearly. The addition of 28% cottonseed meal reduced the in situ disappearance of DM (48h) to values lower than those of silage without additives. The concentration of ammonia nitrogen and the losses from gases and effluent were reduced. The inclusion of 28% cottonseed meal in elephant grass silage containing 18.4% DM improved the fermentation characteristics of silage more efficiently by reducing the moisture content and effluent losses, starting at the 7% level of inclusion.Keywords: by-product, effluent, ensiling, Gossypium hirsutum.Perdas e valor nutricional da silagem de capim-elefante com níveis de inclusão de torta de algodão RESUMO. O experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar as perdas e o valor nutritivo da silagem de capim-elefante contendo níveis crescentes de torta de algodão. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos: 0, 7, 14, 21 e 28% de inclusão de torta de algodão e quatro repetições. O material foi picado e acondicionado em silos de PVC e armazenado por 80 dias. O pH e os teores de matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta, lignina e extrato etéreo das silagens aumentaram linearmente com a adição da torta de algodão, enquanto os teores de nitrogênio insolúvel em detergente ácido, fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido, celulose e hemicelulose reduziram linearmente. A adição de 28% de torta de algodão reduziu o desaparecimento "in situ" da MS (em 48h) a valores inferiores à silagem não-aditivada. Foram reduzidos os teores de nitrogênio amoniacal, as perdas por gases e por efluente. A inclusão de 28% de torta de algodão na ensilagem do capim-elefante contendo 18,4% de MS melhorou as características fermentativas da silagem reduzindo de forma mais eficiente o teor de umidade e perdas por efluente a partir do nível de 7% de inclusão.Palavras-chave: co-produto, efluente, ensilagem, Gossypium hirsutum.
-The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional and productive characteristics of primiparous lactating cows grazing on tropical pasture, using different levels of crude glycerin in the supplement. The experiment was conducted at Rancho Santana farm, located in Jequié city, Bahia, Brazil, in the period from December 21, 2010 to March 16, 2011. Ten ¾ Holstein × ¼ Dairy Gyr lactating primiparous cows, with 109±24 days of lactation and a mean age of 30±6 months and mean body weight of 426.2±68.29 kg were distributed into five treatments, using two simultaneous 5 × 5 latin squares. Treatments consisted of inclusion levels (0, 94, 191, 289, 389 g/kg dry matter basis) of crude glycerin in the supplement. Intake, digestibility, milk production and composition were measured. Results were statistically analyzed by analysis of variance and regression at 0.05 probability. For all consumption variables no significant differences were found between the levels of crude glycerin. Except for the digestibility of ether extract, all digestibility values were similar between treatments. The fat content and yield showed quadratic effect between treatments. No significant differences were observed for protein, lactose, total solids, nonfat dry extract, fat:protein ratio, milk urea nitrogen and somatic cell count between treatments. For primiparous lactating cows grazing on tropical pasture, up to 389 g of crude glycerin/kg of dietary supplement can be included without nutritional and productive interference.
The forage is all food consumed by animals (grasses and legumes), the most important component in the diet of ruminants, is through the ingestion of dry matter forage that essential nutrients, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins and minerals, are metabolised in the gastric intestinal tract and absorbed into the bloodstream through chemical and physiological mechanisms at the level of the digestive system of ruminants. Thus, it is necessary to adopt the properties for animal production management of pasture, it is through dry matter intake pasture, the animals can maximize their productive and reproductive performance. Poorly managed pastures do not provide nutrients in quantity and quality throughout the year for the animals. The methods used for the grazing system are: intermittent grazing, strip grazing, deferred grazing and grazing limit. Therefore, aimed to address the different methods used at the level of research and extension, through production of dry matter measurements of tropical forages
A ensilagem é o processo que possibilita a conservação de determinada forrageira durante longos períodos com a possibilidade de oferecer aos animais de produção, nos períodos de escassez de alimentos. Diante disso, o emprego de tecnologia adequada na produção de alimentos é fator primordial, especialmente as forragens conservadas como silagem podem ter seu valor alimentício bastante alterado em razão dos procedimentos adotados para a sua produção e conservação, e dos fenômenos bioquímicos e microbiológicos que ocorrem no processo.Portanto, o que se busca em uma ensilagem é a maximização e a preservação original dos nutrientes encontrados na forragem fresca durante o armazenamento e que estes possam permanecer, com o mínimo de perdas de matéria seca e energia. Portanto, objetivou-se com está revisão apresentar os principais fatores que comprometem a qualidade da silagem durante todo o processo e assim, criar estratégias, buscando minimiza os efeitos negativos ocorridos no manejo e na fermentação pelos microrganismos indesejáveis, buscando conferir ao produto final menor perda e maior vida útil.
RESUMO -Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da hidrólise da cana-de-açúcar com óxido de cálcio (CaO) sobre o balanço de nitrogênio, as concentrações de ureia na urina e no plasma e a síntese na proteína microbiana em caprinos. Foram utilizados oito caprinos da raça Saanen, machos castrados, com peso corporal médio de 22,6 kg e 4 meses de idade, distribuídos em dois quadrados latinos 4 × 4, em quatro períodos experimentais de 14 dias. As rações, formuladas para ser isoproteicas, com 14% de proteína bruta (PB), foram compostas de 70% de cana-de-açúcar (tratada com 0; 0,75; 1,5 ou 2,25% de óxido de cálcio na matéria natural e corrigida com 1% de ureia) e 30% de concentrado e fornecidas à vontade.A cana-de-açúcar com óxido de cálcio foi picada em desintegrador estacionário, pesada, acondicionada em baldes plásticos de 50 litros e tratada com o óxido de cálcio para ser fornecida aos animais após 24 horas de armazenamento. O balanço de nitrogênio, as concentrações de ureia na urina e no plasma e as excreções de ureia na urina não foram influenciadas pelo tratamento da cana-de-açúcar com óxido de cálcio. A concentração de alantoína (% das purinas totais) foi maior e a de ácido úrico menor nas dietas com cana-de-açúcar hidrolisada com óxido de cálcio em relação à cana in natura. A produção e a eficiência microbiana não foram afetadas pela adição de óxido de cálcio à cana-de-açúcar em dietas para caprinos em crescimento.Palavras-chave: cal, derivados de purinas, eficiência microbiana Nitrogen balance, urea concentrations and microbial protein synthesis in goats fed diets containing sugar cane treated with calcium oxide ABSTRACT -The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of sugar cane hydrolysis with calcium oxide (CaO) on nitrogen balance, concetrations of urea in the urine and in the plasma and synthesis in microbial protein in goats. Eight castrated male Saanen breed goats, with 22.6 kg average body weight and at four months of age were used distributed in two 4 × 4 Latin squares, during four 14-day experimental periods. The rations which were formulated to be isoprotein, with 14% crude protein (CP) were composed of 70% sugar cane (treated with 0; 0.75; 1.5 or 2.25% of calcium oxide in natural matter basis and corrected with 1% urea) and 30% of concentrate given ad libitum to animals. Sugar cane with calcium oxide was chopped in a stationary chopper, weighted and stored in 50-L plastic buckets and treated with calcium oxide to be given to the animals after 24 hours of storage. Nitrogen balance, urine and plasma urea concentrations and urine urea excretion were not affected by sugar cane +calcium oxide treatment. Concetration of allantoin (% total purine) was higher and the uric acid concentration was lower in diets with sugar cane hidrolised with calcium oxide in relation to in natura sugar cane. The microbial production and efficiency are not affected by addition of calcium oxide to sugar cane in diets for growing goats.
The shortage of milk at certain times of the year leads to adulteration of buffalo mozzarella, and these frauds alter the composition of milk and buffalo derivatives. This study describes the dynamics of the adulteration on the nutritional quality of mozzarella. Mozzarella was produced from buffalo milk incorporated with cow milk at 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50% (v/v). The chemical composition, fatty acids profile and cholesterol content of the cheeses were evaluated. The results showed that the fat and protein contents of buffalo cheeses decreased with the addition of cow milk. Furthermore, C4:0, C16:0, C22:0 and C16:1 fatty acids decreased while C8:0 and C10:0 acids fatty acids increased. The most dramatic observation was the elevation of the cholesterol content when cow milk was added. The altered content of short-chain saturated fatty acids and cholesterol content, due to the addition of cow milk to buffalo milk for mozzarella production, modified the nutritional indices. The addition of cow milk to buffalo milk for mozzarella production altered the content of short-chain SFA and the cholesterol content, thereby modifying the nutritional indices.
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