Fruticulture is a prominent component of Brazilian agriculture. Studies have shown that climatic variability and its impact on the physiological development of plant species are fundamental for planning the agricultural calendar, resource conservation, and sustainable management of production. In this context, one of the first criterion for planting a crop is agroclimatic zoning, since it provides information on climate-related risks and aids decision-making and agricultural planning. The objective of this study was to carry out climatic risk zoning for avocado (Persea americana Mill.) in the basin of Paraná River III, Paraná State, Brazil. Meteorological data from 43 stations, from 1976 to 2018, were used. The climatic risk analysis was based on the requirements of the avocado for precipitation, water balance, average annual temperature, and frost tolerance. Statistical and geoprocessing techniques ensured full regional coverage of data and contributed to decision-making. The results identified favorable climatic conditions for all climatic variables in the western part of the river basin. Despite water deficits in some months, rainfall and water balance were not restrictive for avocado production in the region. Avocado tree cultivation is not recommended in the eastern part of the basin, where there is a considerable risk of frost.

Long-term changes in important weather variables such as evapotranspiration (ET) and precipitation are expected as a response to climate change. These changes may require adjustments to current strategies of planning and management of water resources. The objective of this work was to conduct a spatiotemporal characterization of evapotranspiration in the State of Paraná, Brazil, including in this approach a temporal trend analysis. A similar analysis was also conducted for precipitation. Thus, the historical data from 33 weather stations were analyzed. The spatial distribution of the data was carried out by geostatistical techniques (ordinary kriging) and the trend analysis by the tests Mann-Kendall and Sen. According to the results, evapotranspiration increases from the coast to the interior of the state, with the highest values in the northeast and northwest regions, reaching levels of about 1200 mm yr -1 . The temporal variability of the ET presented a significant upward trend in 12% of the locations, with increases from 2.5 to 7.0 mm yr -1 . Precipitation was higher in the coastal and south-central regions and the lowest amounts were identified in the northeast and northwest regions. The precipitation trend analysis indicated a significant downward trend in precipitation volume of five locations. The evapotranspiration and precipitation showed, in general, no statistically significant trends in most of the stations analyzed; however, the upward trends for ET and downward trends for precipitation indicate local changes in the State of Paraná. Variabilidade espaço-temporal da evapotranspiração e precipitação para o Estado do Paraná RESUMOComo reflexos das alterações advindas das mudanças climáticas, espera-se modificações de longo prazo em importantes variáveis meteorológicas, tais como evapotranspiração (ET) e precipitação, as quais podem demandar ajustes nas atuais estratégias de planejamento e gestão dos recursos hídricos. Neste estudo, objetivou-se realizar a caracterização espaço-temporal da variável evapotranspiração para o estado do Paraná, associando a essa abordagem uma análise de tendência temporal. Complementarmente, foi realizada análise similar para a precipitação. Para este propósito analisou-se uma série histórica de dados que compreende ao período de 1980-2010, obtidos em 33 estações meteorológicas. A espacialização dos dados foi feita a partir de técnicas geoestatísticas (krigagem ordinária) e as análises de tendências com os testes de Mann-Kendall e Sen. Os resultados indicaram que a evapotranspiração aumenta do litoral para o interior do estado, com os maiores valores ocorrendo nas regiões nordeste e noroeste, atingindo patamares da ordem de 1200 mm ano -1 . Quanto a variabilidade temporal da ET, notou-se tendência significativa de aumento em 12% das localidades estudadas, com a magnitude destas tendências variando entre 2,5 a 7,0 mm ano -1 . A precipitação foi maior nas regiões litorâneas e centro-sul e as menores alturas foram identificadas nas regiões nordeste e noroeste. A anál...

ResumoCondições de tempo e clima são essenciais para a agricultura e o desenvolvimento da sociedade, entretanto, sua dinâmica pouco compreendida pode comprometer algumas atividades humanas. A precipitação de granizo, um evento extremo caracterizado por precipitação de água em estado sólido, tem alta capacidade destrutiva no meio rural e urbano, gerando transtornos e prejuízos frequentes. A Mesorregião Centro-Sul Paranaense (MRCSP) possui uma grande área de produção agrícola e aproximadamente 500 mil habitantes, que podem estar vulneráveis a eventos meteorológicos extremos, sendo necessário estudos que auxiliem o planejamento para auxiliar tomadas de decisão na região. Desta forma, este trabalho teve por objetivo identificar a gênese, frequência, ocorrência, impactos e a variabilidade de precipitações de granizo na MRCSP, fornecendo suporte para o planejamento e adoção de preventivas de combate ao impacto desse fenômeno na região. Foram utilizadas quatro fontes distintas de dados: estações agrometeorológicas, jornais regionais, imagens de satélite e relatórios de ocorrências, danos e situações de emergência da Defesa Civil. Foram identificados 37 decretos de situação de emergência vinculados a granizo e 395.057 pessoas afetadas na região, em 18 anos de análise. O principal dano observado foi o destelhamento. Em Laranjeiras do Sul observou-se, em média, 5,4 eventos por ano. Os sistemas convectivos e as frentes frias foram identificados como os principais sistemas meteorológicos atuantes na formação de granizo nesta região. Os resultados demonstraram alta frequência de precipitações de granizo em toda região. Com ausência de planejamento para redução da vulnerabilidade, a exposição aos eventos extremos meteorológicos permanece frequente.Palavras-chave: vulnerabilidade, risco climático, eventos extremos, clima urbano. AbstractWeather and climate conditions are essential for agriculture and the development of society; however, their little-understood dynamics can compromise some human activities. Hail precipitation, an extreme event characterised by solid state water precipitation, has high destructive capacity in rural and urban environments, generating frequent disturbances and losses. The Central-South Paraná state Meso-region (MRCSP) in southern Brazil has a large agricultural production area and approximately 500 thousand inhabitants, which may be vulnerable to extreme weather events, and studies are needed to assist in decision making in this region. This work aimed to identify the genesis, frequency, occurrence, impacts and variability of hail precipitation in the MRCSP, providing support for the planning and adoption of preventive measures to combat the impact of this phenomenon. Four different sources of data were used: agrometeorological stations, regional newspapers, satellite images and reports of occurrences, damages and emergencies issued by the Civil Defense. Thirtyseven emergency decrees related to hail and 395,057 people affected in the region were identified in 18 years of analysis. The primary damag...

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A variabilidade climática exerce influência significativa sobre as atividades humanas. Os eventos extremos de precipitação causam danos severos tanto no espaço urbano quanto no rural. O aumento da temperatura média da superfície global, em conjunto com eventos extremos de precipitação causam grandes incertezas na dinâmica dos impactos das condições de tempo e clima, e como se planejar para prevenir os impactos é um tema que se torna cada vez mais crucial. Dessa forma, estudos que evidenciem a variabilidade climática em diferentes escalas são fundamentais para o planejamento das atividades humanas. O estado do Paraná se encontra em uma região de transição climática com grande variação dos elementos meteorológicos, sendo essencial a compreensão destes fenômenos devido a seus possíveis impactos. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a variabilidade pluviométrica, a intensidade e frequência da precipitação na Mesorregião Sudoeste Paranaense - MRSPR associados ao fenômeno El Niño Oscilação Sul - ENOS. Para isso utilizou-se as escalas temporais anual, mensal e diária com o recorte temporal de 1976 a 2017. Através dos resultados, identificou-se grande discrepância nas alturas pluviométricas anuais, mensais e diárias, com parte expressiva dos eventos extremos e maiores alturas de precipitação ocorrendo em períodos de El Niño, enquanto os períodos secos predominam em condições de La Niña.

O Estado do Paraná acumulou nas últimas décadas um grande volume de dados co­letados em diversas instituições. A implantação de redes oficiais de estações me­teorológicas pelo IAPAR, INMET e Instituto das Águas do Paraná possibilitou organizar registros históricos importantes para estudos de climatologia e zoneamento de risco climático. A implantação do SIMEPAR – Sistema Meteorológico do Paraná – representou um marco na disponibilização de previsões e informações meteoro­lógicas que possibilitaram orientar as atividades agrícolas com maior agilidade e precisão. Além disso, instituições do setor cooperativo como a Fundação ABC têm investido com grande competência na coleta e disseminação de informações agro­meteorológicas aos produtores. A partir desta base de dados e informações geradas tem sido possível disponibilizar produtos de grande interesse para a agricultura paranaense.

Biofuels from soybean and corn oil can potentially create new markets in Brazil. The key to a stable biofuel production is the use of high-yielding varieties tolerant to environmental stresses. The inter-annual variability of rainfall caused by large scale meteorological phenomena, such as El Niño-Southern Oscillation and irregular distribution of precipitation has been a major cause of uncertainty in agricultural production in Brazil. The objective of this study was to perform an inter-annual and interregional analysis of soybean and corn yield in relation to water deficit in a transitional zone between subtropical and tropical climate in southern Brazil. The study was conducted in the state of Parana (22-26ᵒ S), one of the main soybean and corn producing areas in the country. The state was divided into six regions (Northwest, North, West, Midwest, Southwest, and South), and the year with the highest productivity in each region was used as a reference to calculate the relative yield losses per year. These losses were correlated with the accumulated water deficit between November and January. The relative yield losses of soybean and corn had a nonlinear relationship with water deficit within each region. Based on the market prices of each year, we estimated that the total losses due to water deficit over the nine growing seasons were $8.36 and $2.67 billion for soybean and corn, respectively. In terms of productivity, the South region showed the highest stability, whereas the Northwest region the lowest stability in response to water deficit. The results show that inter-annual and regional variability of water stress play an important role in soybean and corn productivity in the transition zone between tropical and subtropical climate in southern Brazil.

Thermal discomfort is one of the main causes of production losses in animals fully exposed to solar radiation under extensive livestock farming. The inclusion of trees in this farming system is the most efficient strategy to decrease the temperature and increase animal productivity without the need to explore new areas. In this context, the objective of this study was to characterize the microclimate in a silvopastoral system (SPS), a refuge area, and an open pasture, and evaluate thermal comfort and the ingestive behavior of animals under shade. The study was conducted at the Agronomic Institute of Paraná (IAPAR), located in Ibiporã, Paraná state, Brazil, in three areas with distinct management systems: a SPS of Eucalyptus grandis with Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.), a woodland of Leucena leucocephala that provided shade to cattle, and a pasture in full sun (PFS). Automatic meteorological stations were installed in the SPS (one station beside the tree lines and the other in an average distance perpendicular to the rows), one in the refuge area, and one in the PFS. The measured variables were air temperature and relative humidity. The mean temperatures of the shaded treatments were compared to those of the PFS using a t-test. The mean values of the temperature and humidity index (THI) were calculated for each season of the year. The animal ingestion behavior in the SPS was analyzed in three typical days in different seasons of the year. Significant differences were observed between shade treatments and full-sun pasture, with a temperature decrease ranging from 0.4 to 1.6 °C in the shaded systems. The comparison of animal thermal comfort between the study areas in different seasons of the year indicated that there were no significant differences in thermal comfort between the SPS and refuge area relative to the PFS, suggesting a need to monitor the animals’ body temperature to better estimate thermal comfort. The evaluation of the ingestive behavior evidenced the animals’ preference to perform activities under tree shade and that the SPS led to changes in their food habits, optimizing grazing time. Therefore, the trees directly affected the microclimate of the studied environments, attenuating the temperature, protecting the animals against direct solar radiation, and providing better thermal comfort.