The trend towards increasing the number of processor cores and cache capacity in future Chip-Multiprocessors (CMPs), will require scalable packet-switched interconnection networks adapted to the restrictions imposed by the CMP environment. This paper presents an innovative router design, which successfully addresses CMP cost/performance constraints. The router structure is based on two independent rings, which force packets to circulate either clockwise or anti-clockwise, traveling through every port of the router. It uses a completely decentralized scheduling scheme, which allows the design to: (1) take advantage of wide links, (2) reduce Head of Line blocking, (3) use adaptive routing, (4) be topology agnostic, (5) scale with network degree, and (6) have reasonable power consumption and implementation cost. A thorough comparative performance analysis against competitive conventional routers shows an advantage for our proposal of up to 50 % in terms of raw performance and nearly 60 % in terms of energy-delay product.
Abstract-In this work, we conduct a detailed memory characterization of a representative set of modern datamanagement software (Cassandra, MongoDB, OrientDB and Redis) running an illustrative NoSQL benchmark suite (YCSB). These applications are widely popular NoSQL databases with different data models and features such as in-memory storage. We compare how these data-serving applications behave with respect to other well-known benchmarks, such as SPEC CPU2006, PARSEC and NAS Parallel Benchmark. The methodology employed for evaluation relies on state-of-the-art full-system simulation tools, such as gem5. This allows us to explore configurations unattainable using performance monitoring units in actual hardware, being able to characterize memory properties. The results obtained suggest that NoSQL application behavior is not dissimilar to conventional workloads. Therefore, some of the optimizations present in state-of-the-art hardware might have a direct benefit. Nevertheless, there are some common aspects that are distinctive of conventional benchmarks that might be sufficiently relevant to be considered in architectural design. Strikingly, we also found that most database engines, independently of aspects such as workload or database size, exhibit highly uniform behavior. Finally, we show that different data-base engines make highly distinctive demands on the memory hierarchy, some being more stringent than others.
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