This paper presents a theoretical description and a practical experience in different synchrophasor communication methods applied in real implementations of PMUs connected over both a wired and a mobile internet link. The analyzed methods are proposed in the IEEE Standard C37.118.2-2011 and are the most used in the literature and real applications including commercial PMUs. A complete description is presented and the main characteristics, advantages and disadvantages, including network efficiency algorithms that can affect PMU link are discussed. As PMUs are being applied on existing power systems in developing countries, where dedicated Ethernet or fiber-optic links are not always available, wired internet connections and GSM/GPRS usually become the only possible solutions. Performance of PMUs over Internet, in terms of data frames quality and latency, is analyzed by means of tests designed for this purpose, and statistical analysis of results from real experiences is presented and compared with real applications requirements.
This paper presents a description and performance comparison of two synchrophasor estimation algorithms proposed in the literature. The theoretical error performance is analyzed and compared with a practical implementation. Both synchrophasor estimators were implemented in a low cost hardware architecture proposed in the paper, with the purpose of showing the inherent estimator errors and the external error factors such as noise, quantization errors and sampling clock affected by jitter. In order to test the estimation algorithms, analysis under steady-state and dynamic conditions were performed. The tests were made under the conditions specified in the IEEE Standard C37.118.1-2011 and the total vector error of the algorithms was considered as the performance index. The studied and implemented algorithms were chosen by its nature, so one is based on frequency-domain analysis making an Interpolated-Discrete Fourier Transform and the other is based on time-domain analysis, implementing frequency mixing and a low pass FIR filter.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.