Pollen beetle (Meligethes aeneus F.) (PB) is one of the most serious pest in rapeseed cultivations in Poland and in other European countries. The pest is known because of its high metabolic potency towards various toxins. Constant and strong selective pressure of different insecticides used to control this pest, has resulted in resistance of PB to many active substances. In connection with this situation, constant monitoring of pollen beetle susceptibility level to all recommended active substances of insecticides is necessary. The objective of the study was to determine the effectiveness of active substances, most often used in Western Poland for PB control. Resistance of pollen beetle to some pyrethroid active substances and organophosphorous insecticide -phosalone and high susceptibility to chlorpyrifos-ethyl was found. Resistance of pollen beetle requires constant insecticide susceptibility level monitoring and using IRM strategy.

Differential synergism has enabled the characterisation of pyrethroid resistance in populations of M. aeneus. It was found to be principally due to an oxidative-based mechanism, and, if a synergist were to be used to inhibit this enzyme group, renewed control against resistant pests could be achieved.

This study aimed at evaluating the influence of intrinsic factors (clone, morph) on the parameters of the intrinsic rate of increase of Sitobion avenae (F.) and Rhopalosiphum padi (L.). For each species, apterous and alate exules of three clones originating from French oceanic regions were compared at 20 °C. The clonal factor had a significant effect on both time from birth until onset of reproduction (TBR) and intrinsic rate of increase (r). This effect was lower than that of the morph. Moreover, in the case of R. padi, a strong clone‐morph interaction was observed. Both apterous and alate morphs were shown to have a higher rate of increase in R. padi than in S. avenae. Various models were fitted to aphid daily rate of reproduction. Both types of model and quality of fit depended mainly on the morph. Résumé Les effets du clone et du morphe sur les paramètres du taux d'accroissement de deux espèces de pucerons des céréales, Sitobion avenae et Rhopalosiphum padi Cette étude a cu pour but d'évaluer l'importance de facteurs intrinsèques (clone et morphe) sur les paramètres du taux d'accroissement de Sitobion avenae (F.) et Rhopalosiphum padi (L.). Pour chaque espèce, trois clones originaires de regions océaniques françaises ont été comparés à 20 °C pour les morphes exules ailés et exules aptères. L'effet du clone est significatif sur l'âge reproducteur (durée comprise entre la naissance du puceron et le début de sa phase de reproduction) et sur le taux intrinsèque d'accroissement naturel. Il est plus faible que celui du morphe avec lequel il intéragit dans le cas de R. padi. Les différences interspécifiques relevées mettent en evidence les capacités d'accroissement supérieures de R. padi par rapport à celles de S. avenae, dans le cas des ailés comme dans celui des aptères. Enfin, différents modèles ont été appliqués aux données de reproduction journalière des pucerons. Le type et la qualité des ajustements varient essentiellement en fonction du morphe.

Monitoring of Colorado potato beetle (CPB) resistance to different insecticides has been conducted in Poland for years. This work presents the current status of the CPB susceptibility level to deltamethrin and beta-cyfluthrin, noting the important increase of pyrethroid toxicity towards the CPB, when compared with earlier data. The work also presents research on CPB resistance mechanisms to pyrethroids. The resistance research was conducted using different enzymes blockers: piperonyl butoxide, S,S,Stributylphosphorotrithioate and diethyl malonate.

Pollen beetle (Meligethes aeneus F.) (PB) causes very serious problems in oilseed rape (Brassica napus var. oleifera L.) cultivations in Poland and other European countries. Pyrethroid insecticides are the most frequently used type for controlling PB in Poland. This chemical group has been used in Poland since the beginning of the 1980's and its strong selection pressure on PB resulted in some level of resistance of this pest to many active substances. The aim of this investigation was to analyze, with the use of synergists, the main mechanisms responsible for resistance of PB to pyrethroids. The results indicate the main resistance factor in Polish PB populations to be monooxygenase enzymes.

The pollen beetle (Meligethes aeneus F.) is the most devastating pest of oilseed rape (Brassica napus) and is controlled by pyrethroid insecticides. However, resistance to pyrethroids in Europe is becoming widespread and predominant. Pyrethroids target the voltage-sensitive sodium channel (VSSC), and mutations in VSSC may be responsible for pyrethroid insensitivity. Here, we analysed individual beetles that were resistant to esfenvalerate, a pyrethroid, from 14 populations that were collected from oilseed rape fields in Poland. We screened the VSSC domains that were presumed to directly interact with pyrethroids. We identified 18 heterozygous nucleic acid substitutions, amongst which six caused an amino acid change: N912S, G926S, I936V, R957G, F1538L and E1553G. Our analysis of the three-dimensional structure of these domains in VSSC revealed that some of these changes may slightly influence the protein structure and hence the docking efficiency of esfenvalerate. Therefore, these mutations may impact the susceptibility of the sodium channel to the action of this insecticide.

Chemical plant protection is still an indispensable method in effective oilseed rape protection against the pollen beetle (Meligethes aeneus F.) in Poland. This species is able to develop strong resistance against active substances used in synthetic insecticides. The phenomenon of pollen beetle resistance is currently found in many European countries. Therefore the objective of the study was to determine the present susceptibility level of Polish populations of pollen beetle to the main groups of insecticides recommended in Poland for pollen beetle control. The research showed high resistance of most tested Polish pollen beetle populations to many active substances of all chemical groups of insecticides applied in Poland.

On a compar6 les modalit6s de la production de formes sexu6es par deux ou trois cl6nes de Sitobion avenae E originaires de r6gions oc6aniques de la France. Deux exp6rimentations ont 6t6 faites, rune en conditions climatiques constantes et l'autre en conditions simulant un climat d'automne. Les trois cl6nes sont g6n6tiquement holocycliques et deux d'entre eux, 6tudi6s plus en d6tail, different par certaines modalit6s de leur production de sexu6s, run formant en particulier des femelles ovipares/~ 10 ~ h de photophase et rautre/115 ~ h de photophase. Au contraire, ces cl6nes conservent des caract6res g6n6raux identiques, ils forment des andropares apt6res et des gynopares ail6s. Ils paraissent ainsi moins d6grad6s par rapport au type primitif h6t6ro6cique qu'un autre cl6ne 6tudi6 en Grande-Bretagne. Les limits d'extrapolation de ces r6sultats/l ce qui se passe dans la nature sont discut6es.