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The interrelationship of equatorial and planetary scale ionospheric horizontal currents on quiet days is studied by means of a global ionospheric wind dynamo simulation. This simulation aims at reproducing magnetic and radar data first for a normal quiet day, and then for the strong counterelectrojet event of January 21, 1977, which was previously studied in detail on the basis of coherent backscatter radar data for the Addis-Ababa location. For the reference quiet day (January 27, 1977), the pattern of low and middle latitude currents and electric fields can be roughly reproduced by a combination of the (1,-2) and (2,2) solar tides. Both the Sq current system, and the global electrostatic potential distribution as derived by Richmond et al. [1980] from incoherent scatter data are well simulated. Direct comparison of the computed electric field with the quiet-day averages available for each radar site also show an excellent agreement on the east-west component, but a poorer one on the northsouth component. The counterelectrojet simulation is performed by fitting the H component trace at the magnetic equator and the D trace at midlatitudes. The result appears to give a consistent solution to the problem of the electrical connection between the equatorial counterelectrojet and the planetary dynamo layer. Two horizontal current vortices of opposite directions are found to flow at low latitudes on each side of the noon sector, anticlockwise in the morning and clockwise in the afternoon. They both produce a poleward current flow at low latitudes at noon, a feature that is detected on the magnetic records. The counterelectrojet event is reproduced by a combination of the (2,2) and (2,#) solar tides, assuming that the contribution of the diurnal tide to the altitudeintegrated current flow cancels out. This result is in agreement with a previous simulation study of the counterelectrojet phenomenon. contributed to a better definition of the neutral wind source from localized observations. However, a consistent synoptic picture of these experimental data is still to be made. Most of the Sq current flow appears to originate from the S(1,-2) tide [ Stening, 1969; Tarpley, 1970b; Volland, 1971b], the dynamo effect of which is maximum in the 120-to 200-kin height range during the day [Volland, 1971a; Richmond et al., 1976; Forbes and Lindzen, 1976a]. Semidiurnal tides S(2,2) and S(2,#) also make a substantial contribution to the electric currents and fields [Richmond et al., 1976; Kirchhoff and Carpenter, 1976; Forbes and Lindzen, 1976a,b, 1977; Salah and Evans, 1977; Harper, 1977]. The solar tide S(2,2) produces much more current than the S(2,#) tide, which has a vertical wavelength half as long [Tarpley, 1970b]. Along the magnetic equator, Sq currents usually flow eastward during daytime and are at the origin of the equatorial electrojet [Martyn, 19#8; Chapman, 1951], which can be observed on the ground as a sharp amplification in the daily variation of the magnetic field horizontal component. The daytime reversal of this cu...

Abstract. This study is the first which gives the climatology of West African equatorial ionosphere by using Ouagadougou station through three solar cycles. It has permitted to show the complete morphology of ionosphere parameters by analyzing yearly variation, solar cycle and geomagnetic activity, seasonal evolution and diurnal development. This work shows that almost all ionospheric parameters have 11-year solar cycle evolution. Seasonal variation shows that only foF2 exhibits annual, winter and semiannual anomaly. foF2 seasonal variation has permitted us to identify and characterize solar events effects on F2 layer in this area. In fact (1) during quiet geomagnetic condition foF2 presents winter and semiannual anomalies asymmetric peaks in March/April and October. (2) The absence of winter anomaly and the presence of equinoctial peaks are the most visible effects of fluctuating activity in foF2 seasonal time profiles. (3) Solar wind shock activity does not modify the profile of foF2 but increases ionization. (4) The absence of asymmetry peaks, the location of the peaks in March and October and the increase of ionization characterize recurrent storm activity. F1 layers shows increasing trend from cycle 20 to cycle 21. Moreover, E layer parameters seasonal variations exhibit complex structure. It seems impossible to detect fluctuating activity effect in E layer parameters seasonal variations but shock activity and wind stream activity act to decrease E layer ionization. It can be seen from Es layer parameters seasonal variations that wind stream activity effect is fairly inCorrespondence to: F. Ouattara (fojals@yahoo.fr) dependent of solar cycle. E and Es layers critical frequencies and virtual heights diurnal variations let us see the effects of the greenhouse gases in these layers.

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Diurnal changes in F2 ionization distribution as measured during June and July 1966 over the Tamanrasset meridian reveal two types of asymmetric phenomena distorting the crest‐and‐trough system (formerly known as the equatorial F2 ionization anomaly). The first type corresponds to a general time variation of the latitude asymmetry. Our observations yield four independent parameters of this asymmetry; for 80% of the time, the variation can be attributed to ion drag due to a time‐varying meridian air wind. Magnetic activity is correlated with the amplitude of this wind, and the low‐altitude thermospheric circulation is discussed. Day‐to‐day fluctuations of the diurnal evolution pattern suggest a possible long‐term control of the equatorial electric field by the general dynamo current system. A second type of asymmetry shows more intense, local, and short‐lived phases superimposed on the fountain and neutral wind fluctuations. It has the character of a transitory forced‐diffusion process. We believe that the factor responsible is electron temperature gradients produced by conjugate photoelectron heating.

The disappearance of Esq type traces from ionograms a t the magnetic equator during magnetically quiet periods is related to inverted latitudinal profiles of the regular daily magnetic 8, variation (in its horizontal and vertical components). Latitude profiles obtained from a meridian chain of nine magnetometers across central Africa me compared with corresponding quarter-hourly ionogram sequences from Fort-Archambault-Sarh (Chad). Between O900 and 1500 LT, the magnetic reversal coincides exactly with the disappearance of Esq traces. This evidence gives additional weight to the hypothesis of a counter-electrojet current belt, located on exactly the same latitudes as the normal electrojet and probably flowing below it at the bottom of the E-layer. It agrees well with present theory on type II slow turbulent modes, and confirms the Ve A B plasma instability mechanism as the cause of Esq inhomogeneities at this level.

Abstract. This letter presents some night-time observations of neutral wind variations at F2 layer levels near the dip equator, measured by the Fabry-Perot interferometer set up in 1994 at Korhogo (Ivory Coast, geographic latitude 9.25°N, longitude 355°E, dip latitude A2.5°). Our instrument uses the 630 nm (O 1

Abstract. During many past decades, scientists from various countries have studied separately the atmospheric mo-